Lex Talionis in Early Judaism and the

In Matthew 5:38-42, Jesus overrides the Old Testament teaching of 'an eye for eye and a tooth for a tooth' - the Lex Talionis law - and commands his disciples to turn the other cheek. James Davis asks how Jesus' teaching in this instance relates to the Old Testament talionic commands, how it relates to New Testament era Judaism and what Jesus required from his disciples and the church.

Foreword

xi

Acknowledgments

xii

Abbreviations

xiii

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

1

(6)

The Problem Stated

2

(1)

The Need for this Study

3

(2)

The Lex Talionis and Judaism

3

(1)

The Lex Talionis and Jesus' Teaching

4

(1)

The Lex Talionis and the Church

4

(1)

The Method and Overview of this Study

5

(2)

Chapter 2 LEX TALIONIS IN RECENT INTERPRETATION

7

(30)

Benno Jacob

7

(2)

Louis Finkelstein

9

(3)

David Daube

12

(3)

Robert Tannehill

15

(1)

John Piper

16

(1)

Robert Geulich

17

(1)

D.A. Carson

18

(1)

Harvey Kugelmass

19

(3)

Ulrich Luz

22

(2)

Richard Horsley

24

(1)

Walter Wink

25

(2)

W.D. Davies and Dale C. Allison

27

(2)

Raphaël Dral

29

(1)

Dorothy Jean Weaver

30

(3)

Hans Dieter Betz

33

(1)

Craig S. Keener

34

(1)

Conclusion

35

(2)

Chapter 3 LEX TALIONIS IN THE OLD TESTAMENT

37

(18)

Primary Texts

37

(11)

Exodus 21.22-27

37

(6)

Leviticus 24.17-22

43

(2)

Deuteronomy 19.15-21

45

(3)

Secondary Texts

48

(5)

Conclusion

53

(2)

Chapter 4 LEXTALIONIS IN EARLY JUDAISM

55

(50)

The Apocrypha

56

(2)

Qumran

58

(2)

The Pseudepigrapha

60

(4)

Philo

64

(4)

Josephus

68

(4)

The Mishnah and Tosefta

72

(5)

The Targums

77

(4)

The Midrashim

81

(7)

The Palestinian Talmud

88

(1)

The Babylonian Talmud

89

(4)

R. Eliezer

93

(4)

The Roman Lex Talionis

97

(1)

Conclusion

98

(3)

Summary Table of B. Baba Qamma 83b-84a

101

(4)

Chapter 5 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT OF MATTHEW 5.39-42

105

(32)

Resistance and Meaning of ανthetaιστημι

105

(5)

Other Examples of Resistance Texts in Early Judaism

110

(2)

Laws of Insult in Early Judaism

112

(3)

Lawsuits over Personal Property

115

(6)

Commandeering under Roman Rule

121

(4)

Financial Requests

125

(8)

Conclusion

133

(4)

Chapter 6 AN EXEGESIS OF MATTHEW 5.38-42

137

(14)

Context and Audience of the Sermon on the Mount

137

(2)

Translation and Text of Matthew 5.38-42

139

(1)

Exegesis of Verse 38

139

(1)

Exegesis of Verse 39

140

(2)

Exegesis of Verse 40

142

(3)

Exegesis of Verse 41

145

(1)

Exegesis of Verse 42

146

(1)

Correlation with Luke 6.29-30

147

(1)

Correlation with the Didache

148

(1)

Conclusion

149

(2)

Chapter 7 CORRELATION OF MATTHEW 5.38-42

151

(15)

Relation of Jesus' Statement to the Old Testament

151

(1)

Relation of Jesus' Statement to Early Judaism

152

(2)

Relation of Jesus' Statement to Himself

154

(2)

Relation of Jesus' Statement to His Disciples

156

(8)

Teaching and Examples from the New Testament

157

(2)

Teaching and Examples from Early Church History

159

(5)

Conclusion

164

(2)

Chapter 8 FINAL CONCLUSIONS

166

(3)

Appendix

169

(4)

Bibliography

173

(10)

Index of References

183

(8)

Index of Authors

191

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Lex Talionis in Early Judaism and the Exhortation of Jesus in Matthew 5.38-42

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