Linear Position Sensors Theory and Application

Sensor technology is an increasingly important area of research This will be the only book entirely devoted to the topic

DAVID S. NYCE is a Divisional General Manager and Director of Technology for the Sensors Group of MTS Systems Corporation in Eden Prairie, Minnesota, with an office in Cary, North Carolina. Having received the degrees of BSEE and MBA, he has spent the past twenty years developing sensors of many types for military, industrial, commercial, and automotive use.

PREFACE

xi

1 SENSOR DEFINITIONS AND CONVENTIONS

1

(9)

1.1 Is It a Sensor or a Transducer?

1

(2)

1.2 Position versus Displacement

3

(2)

1.3 Absolute or Incremental Reading

5

(1)

1.4 Contact or Contactless Sensing and Actuation

5

(3)

1.5 Linear and Angular Configurations

8

(1)

1.6 Application versus Sensor Technology

8

(2)

2 SPECIFICATIONS

10

(37)

2.1 About Position Sensor Specifications

10

(1)

2.2 Measuring Range

10

(1)

2.3 Zero and Span

11

(1)

2.4 Repeatability

12

(1)

2.5 Nonlinearity

13

(6)

2.6 Hysteresis

19

(2)

2.7 Calibrated Accuracy

21

(2)

2.8 Drift

23

(1)

2.9 What Does All This about Accuracy Mean to Me?

23

(2)

2.10 Temperature Effects

25

(1)

2.11 Response Time

26

(2)

2.12 Output Types

28

(4)

2.13 Shock and Vibration

32

(2)

2.14 EMI/EMC

34

(3)

2.15 Power Requirements

37

(1)

2.16 Intrinsic Safety, Explosion Proofing, and Purging

38

(7)

2.17 Reliability

45

(2)

3 RESISTIVE SENSING

47

(15)

3.1 Resistive Position Transducers

47

(1)

3.2 Resistance

48

(1)

3.3 History of Resistive Linear Position Transducers

49

(1)

3.4 Linear Position Transducer Design

49

(3)

3.5 Resistive Element

52

(2)

3.6 Wiper

54

(1)

3.7 Linear Mechanics

55

(1)

3.8 Signal Conditioning

55

(2)

3.9 Advantages and Disadvantages

57

(1)

3.10 Performance Specifications

57

(3)

3.11 Typical Performance Specifications and Applications

60

(2)

4 CAPACITIVE SENSING

62

(16)

4.1 Capacitive Position Transducers

62

(1)

4.2 Capacitance

63

(2)

4.3 Dielectric Constant

65

(1)

4.4 History of Capacitive Sensors

66

(1)

4.5 Capacitive Position Transducer Design

67

(3)

4.6 Electronic Circuits for Capacitive Transducers

70

(4)

4.7 Guard Electrodes

74

(1)

4.8 EMI/RFI

75

(1)

4.9 Typical Performance Specifications and Applications

76

(2)

5 INDUCTIVE SENSING

78

(16)

5.1 Inductive Position Transducers

78

(1)

5.2 Inductance

79

(4)

5.3 Permeability

83

(1)

5.4 History of Inductive Sensors

84

(1)

5.5 Inductive Position Transducer Design

85

(1)

5.6 Coil

86

(3)

5.7 Core

89

(1)

5.8 Signal Conditioning

89

(3)

5.9 Advantages

92

(1)

5.10 Typical Performance Specifications and Applications

92

(2)

6 THE LVDT

94

(15)

6.1 LUDT Position Transducers

94

(1)

6.2 History of the LUDT

95

(1)

6.3 LUDT Position Transducer Design

95

(2)

6.4 Coils

97

(1)

6.5 Core

98

(2)

6.6 Carrier Frequency

100

(1)

6.7 Demodulation

101

(3)

6.8 Signal Conditioning

104

(2)

6.9 Advantages

106

(2)

6.10 Typical Performance Specifications and Applications

108

(1)

7 THE HALL EFFECT

109

(13)

7.1 Hall Effect Transducers

109

(1)

7.2 The Hall Effect

110

(2)

7.3 History of the Hall Effect

112

(1)

7.4 Hall Effect Position Transducer Design

113

(2)

7.5 Hall Effect Element

115

(1)

7.6 Electronics

116

(2)

7.7 Linear Arrays

118

(1)

7.8 Advantages

119

(1)

7.9 Typical Performance Specifications and Applications

120

(2)

8 MAGNETORESISTIVE SENSING

122

(14)

8.1 Magnetoresistive Transducers

122

(1)

8.2 Magnetoresistance

123

(6)

8.3 History of Magnetoresistive Sensors

129

(1)

8.4 Magnetoresistive Position Transducer Design

130

(1)

8.5 Magnetoresistive Element

131

(1)

8.6 Linear Arrays

131

(2)

8.7 Electronics

133

(1)

8.8 Advantages

134

(1)

8.9 Typical Performance Specifications and Applications

134

(2)

9 MAGNETOSTRICTIVE SENSING

136

(15)

9.1 Magnetostrictive Transducers

136

(1)

9.2 Magnetostrictive

137

(2)

9.3 History of Magnetostrictive Sensors

139

(1)

9.4 Magnetostrictive Position Transducer Design

140

(1)

9.5 Waveguide

140

(2)

9.6 Position Magnet

142

(2)

9.7 Pickup Devices

144

(1)

9.8 Damp

145

(1)

9.9 Electronics

145

(2)

9.10 Advantages

147

(1)

9.11 Typical Performance Specifications

148

(1)

9.12 Application

149

(2)

10 ENCODERS

151

(11)

10.1 Linear Encoders

151

(1)

10.2 History of Encoders

151

(1)

10.3 Construction

152

(1)

10.4 Absolute versus Incremental Encoders

153

(1)

10.5 Optical Encoders

154

(1)

10.6 Magnetic Encoders

155

(1)

10.7 Quadrature

156

(1)

10.8 Binary versus Gray Code

157

(1)

10.9 Electronics

158

(1)

10.10 Advantages

159

(1)

10.11 Typical Performance Specification and Applications

160

(2)

REFERENCES

162

(3)

INDEX

165

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Linear Position Sensors Theory and Application

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Linear Position Sensors Theory and Application

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