Linguistic Categorization

The third edition of the book widely recognized as providing the most readable and clearly articulated introduction to Cognitive Linguistics is fully revised and updated to include the considerable developments in Cognitive Linguistics since 1987. It covers recent research on polysemy, meaning relatedness and metaphors, as well as expanding the discussion of syntactic categories and the relevance of computer simulations.

Preface to the third edition

viii

Typographical conventions

ix

Introduction and Overview

xi

1 The Categorization of Colour

1

(18)

1.1 Why colour terms?

2

(3)

1.2 Arbitrariness

5

(3)

1.3 An alternative approach: focal colours

8

(6)

1.4 Autonomous linguistics vs. cognitive linguistics

14

(5)

2 The Classical Approach to Categorization

19

(22)

2.1 Aristotle

20

(2)

2.2 The classical approach in linguistics: phonology

22

(5)

2.3 The classical approach in semantics

27

(8)

2.4 What's wrong with the classical theory?

35

(6)

3 Prototype Categories: I

41

(22)

3.1 Wittgenstein

42

(1)

3.2 Prototypes: an alternative to the classical theory

43

(5)

3.3 Basic level terms

48

(5)

3.4 Prototypes and the basic level

53

(2)

3.5 Where do prototypes come from?

55

(3)

3.6 Some applications

58

(5)

4 Prototype Categories: II

63

(21)

4.1 Prototypes

63

(6)

4.2 Prototypes and schemas

69

(3)

4.3 Folk categories and expert categories

72

(5)

4.4 Hedges

77

(7)

5 Linguistic and Encyclopaedic Knowledge

84

(18)

5.1 The dictionary and the encyclopaedia

85

(2)

5.2 Domains and schemas

87

(3)

5.3 Frames and scripts

90

(3)

5.4 Perspectivization

93

(1)

5.5 Frames and scripts in the comprehension of nominals

94

(2)

5.6 Fake

96

(2)

5.7 Real

98

(4)

6 Polysemy and Meaning Chains

102

(22)

6.1 Monosemous and polysemous categories

102

(6)

6.2 An illustration: Climb

108

(4)

6.3 Over

112

(6)

6.4 Some problems

118

(6)

7 Category Extension: Metonymy and Metaphor

124

(20)

7.1 Metonymy

124

(8)

7.2 Metaphor

132

(12)

8 Polysemy, or: How Many Meanings Does a Word Really Have?

144

(26)

8.1 Polysemy and compositionality

145

(3)

8.2 The two-level approach

148

(3)

8.3 Two illustrations: in and round

151

(8)

8.4 Polysemy and the network model

159

(11)

9 Polysemous Categories in Morphology and Syntax

170

(16)

9.1 Case

170

(2)

9.2 The diminutive

172

(4)

9.3 The past tense

176

(5)

9.4 Yes-no questions

181

(5)

10 Polysemous Categories in Intonation

186

(14)

10.1 The problem of intonational meaning

186

(2)

10.2 The meanings of falling and rising tones

188

(7)

10.3 High key

195

(5)

11 Grammatical Categories

200

(22)

11.1 Words, affixes, and clitics

202

(6)

11.2 Grammatical categories

208

(8)

11.3 The semantic basis of grammatical categories

216

(6)

12 Syntactic Constructions as Prototype Categories

222

(25)

12.1 Why we need constructions

223

(2)

12.2 Elements of a construction grammar

225

(3)

12.3 The prenominal possessive

228

(3)

12.4 The transitive construction

231

(4)

12.5 The transitive construction: more marginal members

235

(4)

12.6 Metaphorical extension of syntactic constructions

239

(2)

12.7 A comparison with German

241

(2)

12.8 Concluding remarks

243

(4)

13 Prototype Categories in Phonology

247

(19)

13.1 Phoneme categories

248

(7)

13.2 The gradience of phonetic features

255

(4)

13.3 Syllable constructions

259

(7)

14 The Acquisition of Categories

266

(19)

14.1 Hypothesized acquisition routes

267

(3)

14.2 Grammatical categories and constructions

270

(5)

14.3 Conceptual development

275

(4)

14.4 Word meanings

279

(6)

References

285

(16)

Author index

301

(4)

Subject index

305

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Linguistic Categorization

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials