Linguistics

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ISBN: 9780631230366 | 063123036X
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 3/5/2012

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Linguistics is a comprehensive crosslinguistic introduction to the study of language, and is ideal for undergraduate and graduate level students without previous background in linguistics. Offers extensive examples from many different languages throughout the book to explain linguistic phenomena Is written in a problem-oriented style so as to engage students in the subject matter Includes extensive exercises, assignments, and suggestions for further reading Provides an ideal introduction for readers coming to the field for the first time

List of Figures and Tables	p. xiii
Preface	p. xvii
Language and the Language Faculty	p. 1
From Language to Linguistics	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Languages	p. 5
Other Languages	p. 9
Differences	p. 15
Linguistics	p. 17
Different Kinds of Grammar	p. 19
The Contents of this Book and the Subfields of Linguistics	p. 22
Summary	p. 24
Assignments	p. 26
Test Yourself	p. 27
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 27
The Language User	p. 29
Introduction	p. 29
Knowledge and Ability: The Cognitive System	p. 30
Language and the Brain	p. 34
Language Comprehension	p. 37
Speech Recognition	p. 38
Word Recognition	p. 39
Understanding Sentences	p. 41
Interpretation of Utterances	p. 43
From Speech Recognition to Interpretation	p. 43
Language Production	p. 44
What Do You Want to Say?	p. 45
Formulation: Grammatical Encoding	p. 46
Formidation: Phonological Encoding	p. 48
Articulation	p. 50
Speaking: From Intention to Articulation	p. 51
Summary	p. 52
Assignments	p. 53
Test Yourself	p. 54
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 55
Language Acquisition	p. 57
Introduction	p. 57
How do Children Acquire Language?	p. 59
The Order of First Language Acquisition	p. 62
Factors that Influence the Acquisition of Second Language	p. 66
The Order of Second Language Acuquistion	p. 69
Bilingual Development	p. 74
Summary	p. 77
Assignments	p. 78
Test Yourself	p. 79
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 80
Language and Interaction	p. 81
Discourse	p. 83
Introduction	p. 83
Interpretation and Inference	p. 84
Cooperation	p. 86
Conversations	p. 89
Coherence Through Linguistic Form	p. 95
Summary	p. 98
Assignments	p. 99
Test Yourself	p. 100
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 101
Speech Acts	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
An Utterance is an Act	p. 104
Information Structure	p. 110
Pramatic Appropriateness	p. 114
Summary	p. 117
Assignments	p. 118
Test Yourself	p. 119
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 119
Sentences and their Meaning	p. 21
Constituents and Word Classes	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
Constituents	p. 124
Sentences, Clauses and Phrases	p. 126
Phrase Types	p. 127
Heads and Modifiers	p. 130
Constituent Structure	p. 131
Phrases Versus Words	p. 135
Word Classes: Content Words	p. 136
Word Classes: Function Words	p. 138
Summary	p. 140
Assignments	p. 140
Test Yourself	p. 142
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 142
Simple Sentences	p. 143
Introduction	p. 143
Functions of Phrases Within the Sentence	p. 144
Valency	p. 147
Semantic Roles	p. 150
Grammatical Roles	p. 151
The Marking of Semantic and Grammatical Roles	p. 153
Reduction of Valency	p. 154
Reflexive Constructions	p. 155
Pronominalisation	p. 157
Summary	p. 158
Assignments	p. 158
Test Yourself	p. 160
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 160
Complex Sentences	p. 161
Introduction	p. 161
The Functions of Embedded Clauses	p. 162
The Forms of Embedded Clauses	p. 165
Interaction between Main Clause and Embedded Clause	p. 168
Equi-Deletion	p. 168
Raising	p. 169
Sequence of Tenses	p. 170
Coordinated Clauses	p. 172
The Form of Coordinated Clauses	p. 173
Summary	p. 174
Assignments	p. 175
Test Yourself	p. 176
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 176
Constituent Order	p. 177
Introduction	p. 177
Constituent Order and Levels of Analysis	p. 178
Constituent Order at the Sentence Level	p. 179
Clause Type	p. 181
Embedded Clauses	p. 182
Complexity	p. 183
The Information Status of Constituents	p. 184
Constituent Order within Constituents	p. 185
The Noun Phrase	p. 186
The Verb Phrase	p. 187
Correlations	p. 188
Discontinuous Constituents	p. 190
Summary	p. 191
Assignments	p. 191
Test Yourself	p. 192
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 193
Sentence Meaning	p. 195
Introduction	p. 195
Compositionality	p. 196
Noun Phrases: Reference	p. 197
Noun Phrases: Deixis and Anaphora	p. 203
Verb Phrases: Tense and Aspect	p. 206
Verb Phrases: Situation Types	p. 210
Summary	p. 214
Assignments	p. 214
Test Yourself	p. 215
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 216
Words and Their Meaning	p. 217
Lexicon	p. 219
Introduction	p. 219
What is a Word?	p. 220
The Relation Between Word Form and Meaning	p. 221
Content Words and Function Words	p. 223
The Lexicon	p. 226
Kinds of Lexical Information	p. 228
Dictionaries	p. 230
Meaning and Meaning Relations	p. 232
Semantic Description	p. 235
Words Across Languages	p. 236
Summary	p. 237
Assignments	p. 239
Test Yourself	p. 240
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 240
Word Formation	p. 241
Introduction	p. 241
The Internal Composition of Words	p. 242
The Functions of Word Formation	p. 243
Derivation	p. 245
Inflection	p. 249
Morphological Forms	p. 251
The Structure of Words and Their Meanings	p. 255
Differences between Derivation and Inflection	p. 256
Morphological Differences between Languages	p. 258
Summary	p. 260
Assignments	p. 261
Test Yourself	p. 263
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 263
Compounds and Idiomatic Expressions	p. 265
Introduction	p. 265
Structure and Meaning of Compounds	p. 266
Types of Compounds	p. 270
Incorporation	p. 271
Idiomatic Expressions	p. 272
The Meaning of Idiomatic Expressions	p. 274
Summary	p. 279
Assignment	p. 280
Test Yourself	p. 281
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 281
Speech Sounds	p. 283
Speaking and Listening - Speech Sounds	p. 285
Introduction	p. 285
Speaking	p. 287
The Speech Signal	p. 288
Hearing and Understanding	p. 291
Speech Sounds	p. 292
Introduction	p. 292
Pulmonic Consonants	p. 293
Non-pulmonic Consonants	p. 296
Vowels	p. 296
Diphthongs	p. 297
Further Features	p. 298
Speech Synthesis and Speech Recognition	p. 298
Summary	p. 299
Assignments	p. 301
Test Yourself	p. 301
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 302
Sound Systems and Phonological Processes	p. 303
Introduction	p. 303
Distinctiveness	p. 304
Sound Systems	p. 307
Distinctive Features	p. 311
Morphophonological Processes	p. 314
Graphemes and Phonemes	p. 316
Summary	p. 317
Assignments	p. 317
Test Yourself	p. 318
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 319
Syllables, Stress and Intonation	p. 321
Introduction	p. 321
The Syllable: Phonotactics	p. 322
The Word: Stress	p. 326
The Sentence: Intonation	p. 328
Rhythm	p. 330
Summary	p. 331
Assignments	p. 332
Test Yourself	p. 333
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 333
Languages and Communities	p. 335
Differences and Similarities between Languages	p. 337
Introduction	p. 337
Similarities between Languages	p. 339
Genetic Relations	p. 342
Language and Culture	p. 349
Language and Thought: The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis	p. 354
Summary	p. 358
Assignments	p. 359
Test Yourself	p. 359
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 359
Language Variation	p. 316
Introduction	p. 361
What is a Language?	p. 362
What is a Dialect?	p. 364
The Study of Language Variation	p. 366
Language Variation and Social Factors	p. 369
Region	p. 370
Social Class	p. 372
Ethnic Group	p. 374
Age	p. 375
Gender	p. 375
Other Factors: Situation and Linguistic Context	p. 377
Language Variation and Social Meaning	p. 379
Summary	p. 381
Assignments	p. 382
Test Yourself	p. 382
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 383
Language Change	p. 385
Introduction	p. 385
Historical Linguistics	p. 386
The Process of Change	p. 390
The Role of Social Groups in Language Change	p. 394
Embedding Changes into the Language System	p. 397
The Evaluation of Language Change	p. 399
Summary	p. 400
Assignments	p. 400
Test Yourself	p. 401
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 401
Bilingualism	p. 403
Introduction	p. 403
The Bilingual Community	p. 404
Language Policy	p. 407
Bilingual Education	p. 408
The Bilingual Individual	p. 410
Bilingualism and Interference	p. 412
The Emergence of New Languages	p. 418
Summary	p. 421
Assignments	p. 422
Test Yourself	p. 422
Acknowledgments and Further Reading	p. 423
References	p. 425
Sources of Illustrations	p. 433
Index	p. 335
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Linguistics

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