Living In, Living Out African American Domestics in Washington, D.C., 1910-1940

This oral history portrays the lives of African American women who migrated from the rural South to work as domestic servants in Washington, DC, in the early decades of the twentieth century. InLiving In, Living OutElizabeth Clark-Lewis narrates the personal experiences of eighty-one women who worked for wealthy white families. These women describe how they encounteredbut never acceptedthe master-servant relationship, and recount their struggles to change their status from "live in" servants to daily paid workers who "lived out." With candor and passion, the women interviewed tell of leaving their families and adjusting to city life "up North," of being placed as live-in servants, and of the frustrations and indignities they endured as domestics. By networking on the job, at churches, and at penny savers clubs, they found ways to transform their unending servitutde into an employer-employee relationshipgaining a new independence that could only be experienced by living outside of their employers' homes. Clark-Lewis points out that their perseverance and courage not only improved their own lot but also transformed work life for succeeding generations of African American women. A series of in-depth vignettes about the later years of these women bears poignant witness to their efforts to carve out lives of fulfillment and dignity.

Elizabeth Clark-Lewis is director of the Public History Program at Howard University and co-producer of the award-winning video Freedom Bags.