Loose-Leaf Version for Families Now Diversity, Demography, and Development
, by Crosnoe, Robert
- ISBN: 9781464157912 | 146415791X
- Cover: Loose-leaf
- Copyright: 10/3/2018
Families Now: Diversity, Demography, and Development offers a modern, integrative approach to understanding families, reflecting the dynamic changes occurring in family life and institutions in the United States, while also accounting for the social and economic history that has compelled these changes.
With decades of experience researching the way families live, no one is better positioned to write about 21st century family life than Robert Crosnoe. Crosnoe’s Families Now examines families today by exploring three essential themes: 1) The diversity of family life, 2) How integral family is to healthy people and a healthy society, and 3) How family is constantly evolving. Backed by cutting-edge data and a variety of pedagogical tools, this thematic approach is an effective new way to help students get a deeper understanding of families—and as importantly, a deeper understanding of themselves.
PART I: The Big Picture
Chapter 1
Myths and Realities: Defining, Understanding, and Studying Family Life
Families in a Diversifying and
Changing World
Why the Definition of Family Matters
Changing Family Structures
Changing Racial Dynamics
Changing Economics
Changing Religion
The Impact of Globalization
Bias: Our Barrier to Understanding Families
The Perspective Bias
The Unity Bias
The Selection Bias
Scientific Research: The Antidote to Bias
The Importance of Sound Research
The Theory Piece
The Methods Piece
Quantitative Research Methods
Qualitative Research Methods
Different Approaches for Different Questions
Different Questions for Different Purposes
Connecting Macro to Micro
Two Levels of Family Life
Theories That Connect the Macro and Micro Levels of Family Life
Looking Ahead
Review Questions
Chapter 2
Families Throughout History: The Social Construction of Us
Two Social Forces That Define and Influence Us
Construction
Diffusion
Connecting Construction and Diffusion
Families in the United States Today and How We Got Here
The Contemporary United States
The Colonial Period
Gender Roles in the Public Sphere
Children’s Roles
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Colonial Family Life
The Industrial Revolution and the Separation of Spheres
The Transformation of Gender Roles
Reconceiving Childhood
The Post–World War Years: The 1950s Retreat
The Evolution of Specific Family Forms
Changes in the Nuclear Family
The Emergence of the White Nuclear Family
Poverty, Race, and Diversity in the Nuclear Family
Beyond the Nuclear Family
Historical Changes in Gender, Work, and Family
The Evolution of Specific Family Roles and Relationships
Marriage and Intimate Partnerships
Preindustrial Era: Marriage Out of Necessity
Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Starting to Feel the Love
Postindustrial Era: Marriage as Work
Parenting and Childhood
Conclusion
Review Questions
Application Exercise: Historical Comparisons of Families on TV
Chapter 3
The Long Arm of the Law: Legal Constructions of Family
Contemporary Policy Regimes and Their Historical Evolution
Relations Between the State and Family
Constructing U.S. Families from the Colonial Period to Today
Early Intervention Followed by Retreat
Obvious Versus Subtle Coercion
Contemporary Protections
How the Law Shapes Who Can Marry and Divorce
Marital Definitions, Standards, and Rights
Race/Ethnicity, Marriage, and the Law
Religion and Marriage Law
LGBTQ Marital Rights
Access to Divorce
The Evolution of No-Fault Divorce
Covenant Marriage Laws
How the Law Maintains Gender Inequalities
Making a Wife a Husband’s Property
Taxation
Welfare
Child Custody and Support
Child Custody
Child Support
Custody and Support in the LGBTQ Population
Children’s Role in Family and Society
Doctrine of Parens Patriae
Child Labor and Schooling
Children at Work
Children at School
Child Care 98
The Special Case of Immigration Law and Families
Marriage as the Channel for Citizenship
Newer Developments in Family Immigration
Immigration Status and Family Inequality 1
Immigration Policy and Children
Conclusion
Review Questions 1
Application Exercise: Examining State Variation in Gun Laws
Chapter 4
The Haves and Have-Nots: Families, Economics, and Inequality
The Impact of Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Understanding Socioeconomic Status
SES as a Point of Comparison
The Inertia of SES Within Families
SES Influence on Family Dynamics
The Impact of Hard Times
Families in Poverty
Defining Poverty
Measuring Poverty
Government Measurement of Poverty
Assessing the Federal Poverty Line as a Measure of Poverty
Improving the Federal Poverty Line
Poverty Rates
Poverty Rates by Race/Ethnicity, Region, and Age
Marriage, Children, and Gender
The Consequences of Poverty
Poverty, Risk, and Resilience
Responses to Poverty
History of Government Welfare
Welfare Reform
The Post-Reform Era
Other Strategies to Reduce Poverty
Conclusion
Review Questions
Application Exercise: Understanding Poverty in Place
Chapter 5
Conflict or Balance? The Interplay of Gender, Work, and Family Life
How Gender Connects Work and Family
Gender and the Roles We Take On
Work and Marriage
Work and Divorce
Work and Decisions to Have Children
Work and Parenting Roles
Work and Intensive Mothering
Motherhood Penalty and Fatherhood Bonus
Work–Family Interplay Among Parents
Work–Family Conflict
Work–Family Facilitation
Conflict, Facilitation, and Stress
Parents’ Work and Children’s Outcomes
Maternal Employment and Child Development
Nonstandard Schedules as a Work Characteristic Problematic for Children
Obesity as a Child Outcome Sensitive to Maternal Work
Work That Benefits Parents and Children
Supports for Women and Families with Children
Parental Leave
Affordable, Quality Child Care
Workplace Flexibility
Conclusion
Review Questions
Application Exercise: Measuring Work Conditions
PART II: Family Structure and Status
Chapter 6
The Family? Children’s Lives Across Diverse Family Structures
Children in Two-Parent Family Structures
Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Two-Parent Families
Developmental Benefits of Two Parents
Children in Single-Parent Family Structures
Statistics on Single-Parent Families
Outcomes for Children in Single-Parent Families
Dealing with the Lingering Stigma of Single Parenthood
The Economics of Single Parenthood
Children in Stepparent Family Structures
Incomplete Institutionalization of Stepparent Families
Children in Stepparent Families
The Developmental Impact of Changing Family Structures
Cohabitation, Nonmarital Births, and Other Kinds of Family Structure
Parental Cohabitation and How It Influences Children
Families Beginning with Nonmarital Births
Same-Sex Partners with Children
Developmental Outcomes of Children with Same-Sex Parents
Gender, Sexuality, and Children Raised by Same-Sex Couples
Extended Families with Children
Race/Ethnicity, Immigration, and Extended Families
Multigenerational Households 2
Developmental Outcomes and Extended Families
Adoptive Families
International and Domestic Adoption
Developmental Outcomes of Children in Adoptive Families
Conclusion
Review Questions
Application Exercise: Comparing Child Outcomes Across Family Structures
Chapter 7
Partnering: How and Why People Marry and Cohabit 2
Marriage as a Formal Union
Marriage Across Diverse Settings and Groups
Remarriage Across Diverse Settings and Groups
Supply, Demand, and Consequence in Marriage
Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and the Modern Delay of Marriage
Marriage Market Dynamics
Similarity as Attraction
Socioeconomic Factors in the Marriage Market
Why Marriage Rates Matter
Marital Resources and Protections
Marriage and Health
Cohabitation as an Informal Union
Trends in Cohabitation
Types of Cohabitation
The Link Between Premarital Cohabitation and Divorce
Cohabitation from a Global Perspective
Same-Sex Couples at the Intersection of Formal and Informal
The Legal Landscape of Same-Sex Marriage
Characteristics of Same-Sex Unions
Children Within Same-Sex Unions
Gender and the Path to Formal and Informal Unions
Adolescent Romance
Dimensions and Components of Adolescent Relationships
Early Relationships as a Training Ground for Adulthood
Relationship Formation in Young Adulthood
Relationship Formation from Young Adulthood to Adulthood
Conclusion
Review Questions
Application Exercise: Comparing Cohabitation Across Countries
Chapter 8
Becoming a Parent: Societal and Personal Trends in Fertility and Infertility
Conceiving and Bearing Children
Fertility as a Characteristic of the Population
Fertility Rates Across Countries
Fertility Declines by Region
Fertility Paradoxes and Myths
Causes and Consequences of Declining Fertility
A Spotlight on Teen Mothers
Perceptions of the Teen Pregnancy Crisis
Assessing the Effects of Teen Pregnancy
Transitioning into Parenthood
The Run-Up to Being a Parent
Relationships Between Parents
Not Conceiving and Bearing Children
Intentions to Have a Child or Not
Wanting and Planning
Ambivalence About Getting Pregnant
Contraception
Diversity in Contraception Use
Contraception Use Among Teens
Abortion
Rate and the Demographics of Abortions
Women’s Experiences of Having Abortions
Infertility
Socioeconomic Status, Age, and Infertility
Responses to Infertility
Controversial Topics About Fertility and the Transition to Parenthood
Race, Class, and Nonmarital Fertility
Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Differences in Nonmarital Fertility
Myths About Nonmarital Fertility
Economic Resources and the Disconnect
Between Marriage and Fertility
Race, Class, and Multipartner Fertility
Multipartner Fertility and Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Inequality
The Connection Between Multipartner and Nonmarital Fertility
Conclusion
Review Questions
Application Exercise: Examining Differences in Fertility
Chapter 9
Breaking Up: Trends in Divorce, Separation, and Family Instability
The When and Who of Divorce
Historical Rates of Divorce
Differences in Measurement
Putting Divorce Trends in Context
Age and Divorce
Educational Attainment and Divorce
Race/Ethnicity and Divorce
Sexual Orientation and Divorce
Multiple Divorces
The Divorce Process
Time of Divorce
Phases of Divorce
The Aftermath of Divorce
Contributing Factors to the Divorce Process
The Importance of Selection into Divorce
Family Factors That Undermine Marriage
Multiple Risks
Adults’ Experiences of Divorce
Adverse Health Consequences for Divorcees
Why Divorce Has Adverse Health Consequences
Assessing Cause and Effect in Divorce
Causal Mechanisms Linking Divorce to Health Outcomes
Variation in the Links Between Divorce and Health Outcomes
Children’s Experiences of Divorce
Consequences for Children 3
Are the Consequences of Divorce Real?
Long-Term Effects of Divorce Effects on Children
Children and Divorce: Sources of Risk and Resilience
Conclusion
Review Questions
Application Exercise: Exploring National Data on Family Instability
PART III: Family Relationships
Chapter 10
Love, Conflict, and Negotiation: Relationships Between Couples
Good and Bad Relationships
Relationship Quality
Examples of Vulnerability, Stress, and Adaptation
How Children Make a Relationship Vulnerable
Minority Status as a Stressor on Relationship Quality
Religion and Adaptation amid Threats to Relationship Quality
Two Core Dimensions of Romantic Partnerships
Doing Gender
The Role of Gender Ideology
How Gender Intersects with Other Demographic Factors
Gender in Everyday Life
Power Struggles
Gender, Power, and Same-Sex Couples
Who Holds the Power?
The Binding Elements of Relationships
Communication and Support
Communication Between Partners
Socioemotional Support
Healthy Sex Life
Frequency of Sex
Sexual Satisfaction
Differences in Sex Across Countries
Sexual Satisfaction and Gender
Fault Lines
Poor Conflict Resolution
Conflict and Polarization in Couples
Differences in How Couples Engage in Conflict
Unequal Division of Household Labor
Gender and Housework
Explanations of Gender Inequality in Housework Infidelity
Rates of Infidelity Across Diverse Groups
Damage and Recovery
Conclusion
Review Questions
Application Exercise: Calculating the Effects of Housework on Sex
Chapter 11
Role of a Lifetime: How We Fulfill and Violate the Parent Role
Basic Components of the Parent Role
Cultural Diffusion of the Parenting Role
Parental Support
Parental Investment
Protection and Control
Learning How to Be a Parent
The Socialization of Parents
Macro-Level Socialization into the Parent Role
Micro-Level Influences in the Family
Micro-Level Influences in the Workplace and Among Peers
Micro-Level Influences from Personality and Disposition
A Closer Look at Time and Its Influence on the Parent Role
Discipline, Corporal Punishment, and Ambiguity in the Parent Role
Physical Discipline
Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Corporal Punishment
What the Research Says
Breast-Feeding and the Gender Politics of Parenting
An Overview of Breast-Feeding
Rates of Breast-Feeding 3
The Recent History of Breast-Feeding in the United States
Breast-Feeding and the Meaning of Motherhood
Conclusion
Review Questions
Application Exercise: Data on Gender and Parenting
Chapter 12
Evolving and Adapting: Parents, Children, and Inequality over the Life Course
Parenting During Infancy
Attachment Theory
Styles of Attachment
Attachment in the Broader Society
Parenting During the Preschool Years
Brain Development and Cognitive Stimulation
Play and Language Development
Socioeconomic Differences in Early Language Use
Policy Approaches to Preschool Cognitive Development
Parenting During Later Childhood
Managing Children’s Educational Opportunities
Concerted Cultivation Versus Natural Growth
Parenting During Adolescence
The Risky Behavior of Adolescents
Parents’ Attempts to Control Adolescents’ Risky Behavior
Parenting Styles: Balancing Parental Control and Adolescent Autonomy
Parenting Styles Across Racial/Ethnic and Immigration Groups
Parenting During Young Adulthood
The Delayed Transition into Adulthood
Social Class and a New Model of Parenting
Extended Patterns of Co-residence
Contact
Emotional Support
Conclusion
Review Questions
Application Exercise: Assessing Your Parents’ Style
Chapter 13
Beyond Nuclear: The Evolving Impact of Multigenerational Family Life
The New Demography of Families
Population Trends Influencing Intergenerational Ties
The Meaning and Impact of Population Changes
The Age Structure of Families Is Getting Older and More Complex
Older and More Complex Families Mean More Resources and Responsibilities
Older and More Complex Families Create Choice in Relationships to Prioritize
Older and More Complex Families Complicate the Transfer of Power
Intergenerational Dynamics
The Emotional Tone of Intergenerational Relations
Solidarity Theory
Ambivalence Theory
Support Exchanges Across Generations
Downward and Upward Exchanges
Contingency Exchanges
Social Exchange Theory
The Impact of Intragenerational Dynamics on Intergenerational Relations
Distance, Gender, and Support
Differences in Support by Age and Generation
Grandparent–Grandchild Relationships
Changing Relationships as Grandparents Age and Grandchildren Develop
Grandparent Investments in Grandchildren
Race/Ethnicity, Immigration, Social Class, and Grandparents in the Household
Conclusion
Review Questions
Application Exercise: Mapping Intergenerational Lineages
Chapter 14
The Dark Side of Family Life: Shining a Light on Family Violence
Partner Abuse
Violence Against Partners
Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Victimization
Gender and Sexual Orientation
Race and Ethnicity
Age
Vulnerability to Violence in a Relationship
Factors That Lead to IPV
Theories Explaining IPV
Key Influences on IPV
Addressing the Problem of Intimate Partner Violence
Child Abuse
Ways that Parents Maltreat Their Children
Parents Who Maltreat Their Children
How Much of a Factor Is Parents’ SES?
Theories to Explain Parents’ Maltreatment of Children
Which Children Are More Likely to Be Victims of Maltreatment?
Consequences of Child Maltreatment for Children and Society
Elder Abuse
Types of Elder Abuse
Causes of Elder Abuse
Fighting Elder Abuse
Conclusion
Review Questions
Application Exercise: Tracking Child Protective Services
Chapter 15
Fellow Travelers: Sibling Relations Across Time and Place
An Overview of Sibling Relationships
Characteristics of Sibling Relationships
The Structure of Sibling Relationships
Impact of Gender
Impact of Size
Impact of Birth Order
The Special Case of the Only Child
Sibling Relationship Quality
The Developmental Pathway of Sibling Relationships over the Life Course
Siblings and Aging Parents
Siblings and End-of-Life Care and Planning
Sibling Relationships Within the Family System
Impact of Differential Treatment
Impact of Sibling Temperament and Health
Impact of Siblings on Parenting Style
Impact of Siblings’ Perceptions of Each Other
The Upside and Downside of Siblings
Siblings as Resources
Social Development and Emotional Support 5
Practical Assistance and Support
Risks in Sibling Relationships
Modeling Bad Behavior
Sibling Conflict and Violence
Sibling Similarities and Differences
Why Siblings Are Similar
Genetics
Environment
Why Siblings Are Different
Genetics
Environment
Complex Interplay of Genes and Environment
Purposeful Differentiation amid Similarity
Conclusion
Review Questions
Application Exercise: Assessing Sibling Characteristics
Glossary G-1
References R-1
Author Index AI-1
Subject Index SI-1
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