Low-Grade Metamorphism

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ISBN: 9780632047567 | 0632047569
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/26/1999

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Low-Grade Metamorphism explores processes and transformations in rocks during the early stages of metamorphic recrystallization. There has been little analysis and documentation of this wide-spread phenomenon, especially of the substantial and exciting advances that have taken place in the subject over the last decade; this book rectifies the shortfall, building on the foundations of Low-Temperature Metamorphism by Martin Frey (1987). The Editors have invited contributions from an internationally acknowledged team of experts, who have aimed the book at advanced undergraduate and graduate students as well as researchers in the field.

List of contributors

viii

(1)

Preface

1 Low-temperature metamorphism: an overview

(9)

D. Robinson

R.J. Merriman

1.1 What is it?

(1)

1.2 A decade of progress

(2)

1.3 Very low-grade metamorphism in a global setting

(4)

1.4 Does low-temperature metamorphism matter?

(1)

1.5 Mineral abbreviations

(1)

2 Very low-grade metapelites: mineralogy, microfabrics and measuring reaction progress

(51)

R.J. Merriman

D.R. Peacor

2.1 Metapelitic rocks

(5)

2.1.1 Introduction

(1)

2.1.2 Metapelitic zones and lithology

(2)

2.1.3 Metastable equilibrium and clay mineral reaction progress

(2)

2.2 Mineralogical relations

(7)

2.2.1 Phyllosilicate reaction series

(1)

2.2.2 Smectite-I/S-illite-muscovite

(4)

2.2.3 Smectite-corrensite-chlorite

(2)

2.2.4 Kaolinite-pyrophyllite

(1)

2.2.5 Berthierine

(1)

2.3 Metapelitic microfabrics

(6)

2.3.1 Introduction

(1)

2.3.2 Microfabrics of the late diagenetic zone

(3)

2.3.3 The anchizone and slaty cleavage development

(3)

2.3.4 The anchizone-epizone transition

(1)

2.4 Measuring reaction progress

(23)

2.4.1 X-ray diffraction techniques

(9)

2.4.2 Transmission electron microscope techniques

(10)

2.4.3 Correlation of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope measurements

(2)

2.4.4 Retrogression

(2)

2.5 Geothermometry and geobarometry

(5)

2.5.1 Illite-smectite reaction

(1)

2.5.2 Illite and chlorite crystallinity

(1)

2.5.3 Chlorite geothermometers

(1)

2.5.4 Polytypism of chlorite and white mica

(1)

2.5.5 Phengite geobarometer

(1)

2.6 Overview of conditions of very low-grade metamorphism

(2)

2.7 Future research

(3)

3 Patterns of very low-grade metamorphism in metapelitic rocks

(47)

R.J. Merriman

M. Frey

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Sampling and data interpretation

(11)

3.2.1 Field sampling

(2)

3.2.2 Methods of displaying regional metapelitic data

(3)

3.2.3 Metapelites and basin maturity

(4)

3.2.4 Pattern recognition

(2)

3.3 Regional patterns of very low-grade metamorphism

(31)

3.3.1 Geotectonic setting

(3)

3.3.2 Extensional settings

(7)

3.3.3 Accretionary settings

(9)

3.3.4 Collisional settings

(9)

3.3.5 High strain zones

101

(3)

3.4 Low-temperature contact metamorphism

104

(1)

3.4.1 Aureoles predating regional metamorphism

104

(1)

3.4.2 Aureoles postdating regional metamorphism

105

(1)

3.5 Regional controls on metapelitic patterns

105

(2)

3.6 Conclusions

107

(1)

4 Petrological methods for the study of very low-grade metabasites

108

(35)

P. Schiffman

H.W. Day

4.1 Introduction

108

(1)

4.2 Field study of very low-grade metabasites

109

(1)

4.3 Primary features

110

(3)

4.3.1 Glass and palagonite

111

(1)

4.3.2 Primary minerals

111

(2)

4.3.3 Vesicles

113

(1)

4.4 Secondary minerals

113

(7)

4.4.1 Mafic layer silicates

113

(4)

4.4.2 Pumpellyite, prehnite and epidote

117

(3)

4.4.3 Other minerals

120

(1)

4.5 Electron microprobe analysis of low-grade metabasites

120

(7)

4.5.1 Analytical conditions

120

(1)

4.5.2 Analytical difficulties

120

(3)

4.5.3 Standards

123

(1)

4.5.4 Analytical uncertainties

123

(2)

4.5.5 Criteria for a good analysis

125

(2)

4.6 Quantitative application of electron microprobe data

127

(14)

4.6.1 Projections of low-grade mineral assemblages

128

(1)

4.6.2 Projection from chlorite

129

(2)

4.6.3 Projections from calcium-aluminium silicates

131

(2)

4.6.4 Algebraic methods

133

(2)

4.6.5 Petrogenetic grids

135

(4)

4.6.6 Thermobarometry

139

(2)

4.7 Summary

141

(2)

5 Patterns of regional low-grade metamorphism in metabasites

143

(26)

D. Robinson

R.E. Bevins

5.1 Introduction

143

(1)

5.2 Regional low-grade metamorphism

144

(11)

5.2.1 Extensional settings--Welsh Basin

144

(6)

5.2.2 Extensional settings--Andean Basins

150

(5)

5.3 Subaerial flood basalt sequences

155

(7)

5.3.1 Eastern North Greenland

156

(1)

5.3.2 North Shore Volcanic Group, Minnesota

157

(5)

5.4 Convergent settings

162

(6)

5.4.1 Canadian Shield, Abitibi terrane

162

(3)

5.4.2 Northern Sierra Nevada

165

(3)

5.5 Conclusions

168

(1)

6 Very low-grade hydrothermal metamorphism of basic igneous rocks

169

(33)

J.C. Alt

6.1 Introduction

169

(1)

6.2 Oceanic crust

169

(6)

6.2.1 Oceanic crustal structure, porosity and permeability

169

(2)

6.2.2 Heat sources and convection in ocean crust

171

(2)

6.2.3 Submarine versus subaerial hydrothermal systems

173

(1)

6.2.4 Sampling ocean crust

173

(2)

6.3 The volcanic section

175

(10)

6.3.1 Initial low-temperature hydrothermal processes in the volcanic section

175

(2)

6.3.2 Low-temperature hydrothermal seawater-rock interactions in the volcanic section

177

(4)

6.3.3 Restricted low-temperature hydrothermal interactions in the volcanic section

181

(2)

6.3.4 Ageing of the volcanic section: late carbonates and zeolites

183

(2)

6.4 The transition zone and upper sheeted dyke complex: the transition to low-grade hydrothermal metamorphism

185

(2)

6.5 The lower sheeted dyke complex and the plutonic section: the roots of submarine hydrothermal systems

187

(2)

6.6 Hydrothermal upflow zones and formation of seafloor sulphide deposits

189

(1)

6.7 Seawater-crustal chemical fluxes at mid-ocean ridges and cycling at subduction zones

190

(1)

6.8 Ophiolites

191

(1)

6.9 Very low-grade metamorphism at oceanic islands

192

(2)

6.9.1 Iceland

192

(2)

6.9.2 La Palma

194

(1)

6.10 Island arcs and back-arc basins

194

(3)

6.10.1 Submarine rocks

194

(2)

6.10.2 Japan

196

(1)

6.11 Examples of sediment-hosted geothermal systems

197

(1)

6.12 Rhyolitic volcanic-hosted geothermal systems

198

(1)

6.13 Summary and conclusions

199

(3)

7 Isotopic dating of very low-grade metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks: techniques and methods

202

(25)

N. Clauer

S. Chaudhuri

7.1 Introduction

202

(2)

7.2 Importance of mineral separation and characterization

204

(2)

7.2.1 Separation

204

(1)

7.2.2 Characterization

205

(1)

7.2.3 Summary

206

(1)

7.3 Principles of isotope dating

206

(7)

7.3.1 Methodology of isotopic dating

207

(3)

7.3.2 Some specific aspects and applications

210

(3)

7.4 Fission-track dating

213

(3)

7.5 Rock lithologies and isotopic homogenization

216

(2)

7.5.1 In sheetsilicates of metapelites and metaarkoses

216

(1)

7.5.2 In sheetsilicates of metapelites and metatuffs

217

(1)

7.5.3 In sheetsilicates of metapelites and metabasites

218

(1)

7.5.4 Summary

218

(1)

7.6 Metamorphic degree and extent of isotopic homogenization

218

(5)

7.6.1 In sheetsilicates of shales

218

(1)

7.6.2 In sheetsilicates of slates

219

(1)

7.6.3 In sheetsilicates of metagreywackes

220

(1)

7.6.4 In whole rocks

221

(2)

7.7 A model for isotopic homogenization in low-grade metamorphic conditions

223

(1)

7.8 Basin evolution based on combined isotopic and fission-track data

224

(2)

7.9 Conclusions

226

(1)

7.10 Acknowledgements

226

(1)

8 Application of stable isotope geochemistry to low-grade metamorphic rocks

227

(34)

Z.D. Sharp

8.1 Introduction

227

(1)

8.2 Terminology

228

(1)

8.3 Mass spectrometry

228

(2)

8.4 Sample extraction techniques

230

(3)

8.4.1 Carbonates

230

(1)

8.4.2 Silicates

230

(1)

8.4.3 Sulphides and sulphates

231

(1)

8.4.4 Graphite and organic matter

232

(1)

8.4.5 Hydrogen

232

(1)

8.4.6 Gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry methods

232

(1)

8.5 Isotopic reservoirs

233

(3)

8.5.1 Water

233

(2)

8.5.2 Rocks

235

(1)

8.6 Thermometry

236

(3)

8.6.1 Basic fractionation equations

236

(1)

8.6.2 Mineral fractionation factors

236

(3)

8.7 Volatile loss: dehydration, decarbonation, desulphidation and dehydrogenation

239

(1)

8.8 Mineral purification

240

(3)

8.8.1 Chemical purification

240

(2)

8.8.2 Fine-grained phyllosilicates: clays

242

(1)

8.8.3 Porphyroblasts, veins and vug fillings

243

(1)

8.9 Applications to rocks of sedimentary origin

243

(10)

8.9.1 Diagenesis: general considerations

243

(2)

8.9.2 Diagenesis: examples

245

(2)

8.9.3 Low-grade metamorphism

247

(6)

8.10 Ocean basalts

253

(2)

8.10.1 DSDP-ODP results

254

(1)

8.11 Veins

255

(2)

8.11.1 Tracing fluid origins: a combined stable isotope-fluid inclusion study of Variscan crustal fluids

256

(1)

8.11.2 A combined structural-oxygen isotope thermometry study of nappe formation: an example from the Helvetic Alps

257

(1)

8.12 Retrograde metamorphism

257

(2)

8.13 Summary

259

(2)

References

261

(42)

Index

303

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Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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Author Biography

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