The Luteoviridae

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ISBN: 9780851993249 | 0851993249
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/8/1999

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This book provides a comprehensive review of all current knowledge of the Luteoviridae. These viruses cause severe economic losses of important food crops worldwide, and have some unusual biological and molecular properties, which are discussed. The topics covered range from the reclassification, structure, diversity and genetics of luteoviruses, to their transmission and interaction with vectors, techniques for diagnosis, development of virus resistant plants, epidemiology and control. This book is essential reading for advanced students and researchers in virology and plant pathology.

Contributors	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgements	p. xvi
List of viruses and abbreviated names	p. xvii
Steps in the Development of Luteovirology	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Early Records	p. 1
Biological Characteristics	p. 2
Genome Structure and Function	p. 4
Mechanism of Aphid Transmission	p. 4
Virus Complexes Involving Luteoviruses	p. 5
Epidemiology and Control	p. 6
Special Characteristics of Luteoviruses	p. 9
References	p. 9
Family Luteoviridae: a Reclassification of Luteoviruses	p. 15
History of Luteoviruses as a Group	p. 15
The New Taxonomic Structure	p. 16
The Rationale for the Classification	p. 17
The separation into genera	p. 17
The family Luteoviridae	p. 18
The classification of species as 'unassigned in the family'	p. 19
The genus Enamovirus	p. 19
Taxonomic Problems	p. 20
Coat-protein sequence is not enough	p. 20
Barley yellow dwarf virus	p. 20
Discussion	p. 20
End-piece	p. 21
Acknowledgements	p. 21
References	p. 21
The Structure and Expression of Luteovirus Genomes	p. 23
Introduction	p. 23
Genome Structure	p. 23
Diversity of genome types	p. 23
Pea enation mosaic virus	p. 25
Expression	p. 26
Expression from genome RNA	p. 26
Expression from subgenomic RNA-1	p. 28
Expression from other subgenomic RNAs	p. 29
Gene Function	p. 29
Nucleotide Sequence Conservation	p. 30
Similarities among luteovirus gene products	p. 30
Comparisons among coat-protein sequences	p. 30
Sequence variation among isolates of luteoviruses	p. 30
Broad-specificity RT-PCR	p. 32
Evidence of Recombination among Ancestral Luteovirus Genomes	p. 33
Origins of the genera	p. 33
Soybean dwarf virus	p. 33
Beet mild yellowing virus	p. 34
Recombination with host mRNA	p. 35
RNA Associated with Luteovirus Genomes	p. 35
ST9-associated satellite-like RNA	p. 35
Satellite RNA	p. 35
Umbraviruses	p. 36
Concluding Remarks	p. 37
Acknowledgements	p. 38
References	p. 38
Agro-infection as a Means of Transmitting Luteoviruses to Host Plants for Study of Gene Function	p. 43
Introduction	p. 43
Agro-infection	p. 43
Principles	p. 43
Constructs	p. 45
Host range	p. 49
Inoculation	p. 49
Agro-infection and Luteovirus Gene Function	p. 50
Construction of mutants	p. 50
Protoplast infection experiments	p. 51
P0	p. 51
The major capsid protein (P3)	p. 53
P4	p. 55
Readthrough protein (P5)	p. 57
P5 and virus-vector interactions	p. 60
Concluding Remarks	p. 62
References	p. 62
Movement of Luteoviruses in Infected Plants	p. 69
Introduction	p. 69
General Features of Luteovirus Movement	p. 70
Properties of Putative Luteovirus Movement Proteins	p. 71
Nucleic acid binding	p. 73
Protein-protein interaction	p. 73
Accumulation in plasmodesmata	p. 73
Phosphorylation	p. 74
Role in virus movement	p. 75
Role of CP and CP-RT and Two Models for Luteovirus Movement	p. 76
Virus Movement and Resistance	p. 77
PLRV 17 kDa Protein-mediated Resistance	p. 77
Prospects	p. 78
Acknowledgements	p. 78
References	p. 78
Vector-Virus Interactions	p. 85
Introduction	p. 85
Luteovirus Transmission and Mechanisms Regulating Vector Specificity	p. 88
Co-evolutionary advantages of luteovirus-aphid interactions	p. 88
Characteristics of luteovirus transmission	p. 91
Ingestion	p. 91
Acquisition	p. 91
Latent period	p. 91
Transmission	p. 92
Previous work on vector specificity	p. 92
Luteovirus-vector interactions regulating transmission	p. 94
Luteovirus acquisition	p. 94
Transmission of luteoviruses	p. 99
Cellular sites associated with luteovirus vector specificity	p. 103
The hindgut luteovirus acquisition specificity barrier	p. 103
The salivary gland basal lamina transmission barrier	p. 105
The salivary gland basal plasmalemma transmission barrier	p. 108
Current concepts of luteovirus vector-specificity mechanisms	p. 108
Fate of a Luteovirus in the Haemolymph of an Aphid	p. 112
Symbionin, a GroEL homologue, produced by the aphid primary endosymbiont	p. 113
Binding of luteoviruses and PEMV to Buchnera GroEL	p. 115
Molecular basis of the interaction between a luteovirus and Buchnera GroEL	p. 117
Role of Buchnera GroEL in the luteovirus transmission process	p. 118
Intraspecific Variability of Luteovirus Transmission within Aphid Vector Populations	p. 119
Effect of Luteovirus Infection on Vector	p. 123
Effect of virus on vector behaviour	p. 123
Effect of virus on vector physiology	p. 124
Transcapsidation Interactions and Dependent Aphid Transmission among Luteoviruses, and Luteovirus-associated RNAs	p. 125
Transcapsidation interactions among luteoviruses	p. 125
The widespread nature of luteovirus transcapsidation interactions	p. 128
Helper-dependent aphid-transmitted virus complexes	p. 128
The luteovirus-associated RNAs	p. 129
Other transcapsidation interactions	p. 133
Final thoughts	p. 134
References	p. 134
Detection and Diagnosis of Luteoviruses	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
Biological Techniques	p. 147
Serological Techniques	p. 149
DAS ELISA with polyclonal antibodies	p. 149
Triple antibody sandwich ELISA with MAbs	p. 152
Tissue-blot immunoassay	p. 154
Serologically specific electron microscopy	p. 154
Immunogold labelling techniques	p. 154
Antibodies from phage display libraries	p. 155
Nucleic Acid Techniques	p. 158
Dot-blot hybridization	p. 158
Polymerase chain reaction	p. 161
Comparison of Techniques Used for Detection and Diagnosis of Luteoviruses	p. 162
Conclusions	p. 163
References	p. 163
The Development of Resistance to Luteoviruses Mediated by Host Genes and Pathogen-derived Transgenes	p. 169
Introduction	p. 169
Potato leafroll virus	p. 169
Barley and cereal yellow dwarf viruses	p. 171
Host-mediated Resistance	p. 171
Potato leafroll virus	p. 171
Resistance to infection by aphids	p. 172
Resistance to virus accumulation	p. 173
Resistance to aphids	p. 174
Resistance to movement	p. 175
Hypersensitivity or intolerance	p. 177
Combining resistances to infection and virus accumulation in Solanum tuberosum	p. 177
Combining resistance to PLRV and other viruses	p. 178
Sources of resistance identified in wild potato species	p. 179
Solanum brevidens	p. 180
Solanum etuberosum	p. 181
Solanum chacoense	p. 181
Barley and cereal yellow dwarf viruses	p. 182
Resistance in barley	p. 182
Resistance in oats	p. 183
Resistance in wheat	p. 184
Aphid resistance	p. 185
Transgenic Resistance to Luteoviruses	p. 186
Potato leafroll virus	p. 186
Use of the coat-protein gene in sense and antisense forms	p. 186
Use of 17 kDa gene (ORF 4) in potato to induce broad-spectrum resistance to PLRV and other potato viruses	p. 189
Use of replicase-mediated approaches	p. 190
Role of promoter sequences	p. 190
Field trials	p. 192
Combination of transgenic and host gene-mediated resistance	p. 192
Resistance in somaclonal variants generated as a by-product of transformation	p. 192
Barley and cereal yellow dwarf viruses	p. 195
Ecological Impact of Luteovirus-resistant Transgenic Plants	p. 195
Conclusion	p. 198
Acknowledgements	p. 199
References	p. 200
Epidemiology and Control Strategies	p. 211
Introduction to Luteovirus Epidemiology	p. 211
Introduction	p. 211
The components and some of their interactions	p. 213
Luteoviruses are exclusively transmitted by 'resident' aphids	p. 213
Luteoviruses are circulatively transmitted by aphids	p. 214
Luteoviruses persist in their vectors	p. 214
Virus strains	p. 214
Virus content and transmission	p. 215
The epidemiological process	p. 215
Primary introduction of the virus	p. 215
Secondary spread	p. 218
Further virus spread	p. 218
Control strategies	p. 218
The use of chemicals	p. 218
Forecasting the risk	p. 219
Cultural methods	p. 220
The use of resistant cultivars	p. 220
Epidemiology of Potato Leafroll Disease	p. 221
Introduction	p. 221
Variation of PLRV strains; vector association	p. 222
The infection process	p. 223
Specific definitions	p. 223
Current-season infection of the crop	p. 223
Virus spread	p. 227
Secondary infection	p. 228
Forty Years of Forecasting Virus Yellows Incidence in Sugar Beet	p. 228
Introduction	p. 228
Beet mild yellowing virus	p. 230
Vectors	p. 230
Distribution and incidence of virus yellows	p. 230
Virus yellows forecasting and monitoring scheme	p. 233
Options for control	p. 239
Farm hygiene	p. 239
Use of pesticides	p. 239
Monitoring infectivity and insecticide resistance in aphids	p. 241
Technology interaction	p. 242
Cost benefits of the forecasting and monitoring scheme	p. 242
Acknowledgements	p. 243
Epidemiology of Cucurbit Aphid-borne Yellows Virus	p. 243
History, disease incidence	p. 243
World distribution; biological variability	p. 244
Sources of virus and vectors for spread to crops	p. 244
Spread in the field	p. 245
Control strategies	p. 245
Barley and Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus Epidemiology and Control Strategies	p. 248
Epidemiology of barley yellow dwarf disease	p. 248
Introduction	p. 248
The viruses	p. 248
The vectors	p. 249
The host plants	p. 249
Vector-host-plant interactions	p. 249
Virus-vector interactions	p. 251
Virus-host-plant interactions	p. 253
Virus-vector-host-plant interactions	p. 254
Control strategies	p. 255
Chemical control of vectors	p. 255
Resistance	p. 256
Assessing the need for control	p. 257
Conclusion	p. 261
References	p. 261
Index	p. 281
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The Luteoviridae

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