Marek's Disease

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ISBN: 9780120883790 | 0120883791
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/16/2004

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Marek's disease is a form of cancer of poultry caused by an important herpesvirus (MDV). It continues to be a threat to poultry health and welfare and worldwide losses are estimated to be US$ 1 billion annually. This book provides a timely review of the problems of Marek's disease with descriptions of the complex viral life cycle, how MDV targets different types of white blood cells, and details of the virus structure, its genes and proteins. * The multiplicity of factors contributing to susceptibility is explored in detail * Vaccination - the problems arising from current vaccination strategies and how these can be improved and made sustainable in future * The lessons learned in the control of MD over the past 30 years, and how we can use MD as a model for other animal and human diseases is discussed

Contributors

xiii

Series Introduction by Paul-Pierre Pastoret

Preface by Peter M. Biggs

xvii

Acknowledgements

xix

Abbreviations

xxi

1 Introduction

(7)

Paul-Pierre Pastoret

General background

(5)

József Marek (1868-1952) and the identification of the disease

(2)

Houghton Poultry Research Station and the isolation of the causative agent of Marek's disease

(2)

The place of Marek's disease and Marek's disease virus in the biological sciences

(1)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(1)

2 Marek's disease: long and difficult beginnings

(9)

Peter M. Biggs

Introduction

(1)

Early days

(1)

Terminology and classification

(1)

Evidence for the separation of Marek's disease from lymphoid leukoses

(2)

Clinical and pathological studies of field cases

(1)

Transmission studies

(1)

Experimental studies comparing Marek's disease with lymphoid leukosis

(1)

Identifying the Marek's disease virus

(3)

Identification of Marek's disease herpesvirus

(1)

Circumstantial evidence

(1)

Definitive evidence

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(2)

3 The genome content of Marek's disease-like viruses

(15)

Klaus Osterrieder and Jean-François Vautherot

Introduction

(1)

Gene content and transcription of the Mardiviruses

(7)

Transcription and gene expression during MDV latency

(2)

Manipulation of the MDV genome: new strategy using bacterial artificial chromosomes

(2)

Summary

(1)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(3)

4 Marek's disease virus oncogenicity: molecular mechanisms

(17)

Venugopal Nair and Hsing-Jien Kung

Introduction

(1)

Meq, a Jun/Fos family member, as a putative oncogene for MDV

(10)

The structure and function of Meq

(3)

Meq as a transcriptional regulator

(1)

Meq as a transforming protein

(1)

Meq as a major oncoprotein in MDV oncogenesis

(1)

Meq mutations in proline-rich domains correlate with virulence

(1)

Meq's potential roles in MDV replication and latency

(1)

Summary and implications of Meq as an oncogene for MDV

(1)

Other genes associated with pathogenicity

(3)

BamHI-H family of transcripts

(1)

MDV phosphoprotein 38 (pp38) complex

(1)

MDV-encoded CXC chemokine, vIL-8

(1)

MDV-encoded telomerase RNA

(1)

MDV ICP4 homologue-related transcripts

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(2)

5 Marek's disease: a worldwide problem

(13)

Chris Morrow and Frank Fehler

Introduction

(2)

Diagnostic investigation of MD problems

(2)

Economic impact

(1)

Causes of outbreaks

(6)

MD in species other than chickens

(1)

Problems associated with contamination of MD vaccines

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(1)

6 Marek's disease virus: biology and life cycle

(16)

Susan J. Baigent and Fred Davison

Introduction

(3)

Natural infection with MDV

(1)

Early cytolytic phase

(3)

Latency

(2)

Late cytolytic phase

(1)

Fully productive infection in the feather-follicle epithelium

(1)

Transformation

(3)

Conclusions

(1)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(2)

7 Pathological responses to infection

(20)

Laurence N. Payne

Introduction

(1)

Virus-cell relationships in Marek's disease

(1)

Pathogenesis and pathology of Marek's disease

(13)

Primary infection

(2)

Acute cytolytic infection of lymphoid tissue

(1)

Viraemia and haematology

(1)

Infection of feather-follicle epithelium

(1)

Infection of other parenchymatous tissues

(1)

Peripheral neuropathy

(4)

Central nervous system

(1)

Lymphomatosis

(2)

Atherosclerosis

(1)

Ocular changes

(1)

Factors affecting lesion type

(2)

Virus strain

(1)

Host

(1)

Marek's disease in other species

(1)

Turkeys

(1)

Japanese quail

(1)

Pheasants

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

References

(2)

8 Marek's disease lymphomas

(14)

Shane C. Burgess

Introduction

(1)

Histopathology

(1)

Peripheral nerves

(1)

Skin

(1)

Visceral and skeletal muscle lymphomas

(1)

Lymphoma cell phenotypes

100

(3)

MATSAs

100

(1)

MDV-transformed cells

101

(1)

Phenotypes of MD lymphoma cells

101

(2)

The identity of the neoplastically transformed cells in MD lymphomas

103

(2)

Anti-lymphoma immunity

105

(2)

MD lymphoma regression

105

(1)

Anti-MD lymphoma immunity

106

(1)

Transplantable tumours

106

(1)

Tumour antigens in MD

107

(1)

Model for MD lymphomagenesis

108

(1)

Summary

109

(1)

Acknowledgements

110

(1)

References

110

(2)

9 Genetic resistance to Marek's disease

112

(14)

Nat Bumstead and Jim Kaufman

Introduction

112

(1)

MHC associated resistance

113

(5)

Structure and function of the MHC

114

(3)

Mechanism of MHC-determined resistance to MD

117

(1)

Non-MHC associated resistance

118

(5)

Differences in viral replication between lines 6 and 7

118

(1)

Phenotypic comparisons

119

(1)

Investigation of candidate genes

120

(1)

Genomic mapping approaches

120

(2)

Conclusions

122

(1)

Acknowledgements

123

(1)

References

123

(3)

10 Immunity to Marek's disease

126

(16)

Fred Davison and Pete Kaiser

Introduction

126

(1)

MDV entry via the lungs

127

(4)

Role of macrophages

128

(1)

Role of natural killer cells

129

(2)

Acquired immune responses to MDV

131

(6)

Role of antibodies

131

(1)

Role of cell-mediated immune responses

132

(2)

Cytokine responses during the cytolytic phase

134

(1)

The role of cytokines in the induction and maintenance of latency

135

(1)

Cytokine production by tumour cells

135

(1)

Role of the MDV-encoded CXC chemokine

136

(1)

Immunity to MDV induced by vaccination

137

(2)

Conclusions

139

(1)

References

139

(3)

11 Marek's disease immunosuppression

142

(14)

Karel A. Schat

Introduction

142

(1)

Mechanisms of MD-induced immunosuppression

143

(1)

Immunosuppression caused by loss of lymphocytes

143

(3)

Immunosuppression caused by changes in the regulation of immune responses

146

(2)

Nitric oxide, a dual role

146

(1)

Cytokines

147

(1)

Down-regulation of lymphocyte surface molecules and other immuno-evasive mechanisms

147

(1)

Immunosuppression caused by tumour cells

148

(1)

Confounding factors in MDV-induced immunosuppression

149

(2)

Chicken infectious anaemia virus

149

(1)

Infectious bursal disease virus

150

(1)

Reticuloendotheliosis virus

150

(1)

Reovirus infection

150

(1)

Consequences of immunosuppression

151

(1)

Summary

152

(1)

References

152

(4)

12 Diagnosis of Marek's disease

156

(12)

Vladimir Zelnik

Introduction

156

(1)

Diagnosis of MD under field conditions

157

(2)

Laboratory diagnosis of MD

159

(6)

Collection of infectious material for in vitro studies

159

(1)

Virus isolation and identification

160

(1)

Detection and characterization of MDV antigens and antibodies

161

(1)

Identification of MDV DNA

162

(1)

Differentiation of MDV serotypes, strains and isolates

163

(2)

Summary

165

(1)

References

165

(3)

13 Vaccination against Marek's disease

168

(18)

Michel Bublot and Jagdev Sharma

History of Marek's disease vaccine

168

(3)

Importance of vaccination

170

(1)

Licensing, manufacturing and administering current MD vaccines

171

(1)

In ovo vaccination

172

(2)

Vaccination problems and solutions

174

(2)

Attenuation of MDV and its effect on protection

176

(3)

Recombinant vaccines

179

(3)

Summary

182

(1)

References

182

(4)

14 Future strategies for controlling Marek's disease

186

(14)

Isabel M. Gimeno

Introduction

186

(1)

Current MD situation and vaccination strategies

187

(1)

Future risk of increasing the incidence of MD

188

(1)

Current tools for MD control

189

(2)

Vaccination

189

(1)

Genetics

190

(1)

Biosecurity

191

(1)

Developing new strategies for control

191

(3)

Vaccine development

191

(2)

Development of transgenic chickens

193

(1)

What research is needed for the rational development of new strategies of control?

194

(2)

Summary

196

(2)

Acknowledgements

198

(1)

References

198

(2)

15 Conclusions

200

(5)

Fred Davison, Venugopal Nair and Paul-Pierre Pastoret

References

204

(1)

Appendix: Key references

205

(2)

Index

207

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Marek's Disease

Summary

Table of Contents

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