Marine, Waterborne, and Water-Resistant Polymers Chemistry and Applications

This book focuses on the chemistry of marine polymers, waterborne polymers, and water-resistant polymers, as well as the special applications of these materials. After the chemistry of marine polymers and their types are discussed, the uses of these polymers are detailed, as well as various analytical and characterization testing methods.

The book also emphasizes the polymers that are most environmentally-friendly along with their origin and industrial applications. The polymers from these 3 types serve a variety of industries including medical equipment and devices, outdoor coatings and corrosion protection, food packaging, saltwater and freshwater marine purposes such as marine ropes, boat coatings, pipeline protection, and marine well application, to name just a few.

Preface ix

1 Marine Polymers 1

1.1 Marine Microbes 1

1.2 Marine Microgels 2

1.3 Polymer Production from Marine Algae 2

1.3.1 Recovery of Lipids Algae 5

1.3.2 Conversion of Algal Lipids into Hydrocarbons 6

1.3.3 Conversion of Algal Lipids into Polymers 6

1.3.4 Crosslinking of Phenolic Polymers 6

1.4 Marine Bioadhesive Analogs 7

1.5 Medical Applications 8

1.5.1 Metalloproteinases 9

1.5.2 Fucoidans 10

1.6.3 Chitosan 12

1.5.4 Collagen 14

1.5.5 Shark Collagen for Cell Culture and Zymography 15

1.5.6 Glycosaminoglycans 16

1.5.7 Anticholinesterase 16

1.5.8 Terpenoids 18

1.5.9 Membrane-Active Peptides 19

1.6 Polymer Production from Marine Sponge 19

1.7 Chitin and Chitosan from Marine Origin 20

1.8 Carbohydrates 22

1.8.1 Polysaccharides of Marine Origin 23

1.8.2 Oligosaccharides 23

1.9 Poly(3-hydroxy butyrate) from Marine Bacteria 25

1.10 Metal Ion Absorption 26

1.11 Fish Elastin Polypeptide 26

1.12 Cosmetic Uses 27

1.13 Protein Hydrolyzate 28

References 28

2 Marine Applications 35

2.1 Marine Polymer Coatings 35

2.1.1 Dextrine-Modified Chitosan Marine Polymer Coatings 35

2.1.2 Marine Structure Coated with an Acrylic Water-Swellable Polymer 36

2.1.3 Styrene Copolymer Compositions 43

2.1.4 Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Copolymers 43

2.1.5 Epoxy Coatings 45

2.1.6 Composites from Plant Oils 48

2.1.7 Inherently Metal Binding Poly(amine) Quinone Polymers 56

2.2 Foams 61

2.2.1 Polyimide Foams 61

2.3 Antifouling 63

2.3.1 Fouling Problems 63

2.3.2 Mechanism of Fouling 64

2.3.3 Fouling Control 65

2.3.4 Nontoxic Polymer Surfaces 66

2.3.5 Amphiphilic Polymers 66

2.3.6 Fouling Release Properties of Metal Surfaces 67

2.3.7 Copper Marine Cladding Composition 68

2.3.8 Preventive Agents against Adhesion of Marine Organisms 70

2.3.9 Self-Polishing Paint 71

2.3.10 Copper-Nickel Epoxy Coating 73

2.3.11 Antifouling Paint 74

2.3.12 Cationic Poly(siloxane)s 75

2.4 Electrochemical Impedance and Noise Data for PolymerCoated Steel 78

2.5 Seawater Immersion Ageing of Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminates 78

2.6 Post-Fire Mechanical Properties of Marine Polymer Composites 79

2.7 Corrosion 80

2.7.1 Iron-Containing Substrata 80

2.7.2 Polymethylenepolyamine dipropionamides 80

2.7.3 Thioheterocyclic Rust and Corrosion-Inhibiting Agents 81

2.7.4 Epoxy Compounds 82

2.7.5 Poly(aniline) Graft Copolymers 82

2.7.6 Imidazolines 83

2.8 Marine Ropes 84

2.9 Marine Diesel Engine Lubricants 85

2.9.1 Dispersant Additive Composition 85

2.9.2 Overbased Alkyphenates 85

2.9.3 Overbased Metal Salts 86

2.9.4 Alkylsalicylate Lubricant Compositions 87

2.9.5 Biodegradable Lubricants 88

2.10 Lubricant for Smoothing Caulking Joints 89

2.11 Marine Well Applications 89

2.11.1 Marine Oil Spills Oil Separation and Disposal Systems 89

2.11.2 Marine Umbilicals 91

2.11.3 Hagfish Slime 94

2.11.4 Adhesive Compositions 94

2.11.5 Bit Lubricants 95

References 96

3 Waterborne Polymers 103

3.1 Analytical and Characterization Techniques 103

3.1.1 Surface Tension 104

3.2 Synthesis Methods 104

3.2.1 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization 104

3.3 Aqueous Dispersions of Pigments 105

3.4 Waterborne Coatings 106

3.4.1 Food Packaging 107

3.4.2 Unsaturated Polyesters 109

3.4.3 Coatings with Pendant Allyl Groups 109

3.4.4 UV-Curable Latex Coating 114

3.4.5 Poly(urethane)s 122

3.4.6 Acrylic Coatings 145

3.4.7 Epoxy Coatings 148

3.4.8 Phenol Resins 148

3.4.9 Amide Resins 149

3.4.10 Poly(carbodiimide)s 149

3.4.11 Silicones 152

3.5 Special Applications 153

3.5.1 Waterborne Silicone Mold Release Agents 153

3.5.2 Stabilizers for Sandy Soil 154

3.5.3 Water, Oil, and Stain Repellency 154

3.5.4 Protective Coatings for Culturally Significant Objects 155

3.5.5 Waterborne Adhesives 155

3.5.6 Latex 156

3.5.7 Wet Labeling 159

3.5.8 Aqueous Polymeric Dispersions 161

3.5.9 Waterborne Soft-Feeling Coatings 163

3.5.10 Waterborne Polymeric Photoinitiators 165

References 166

4 Water-Resistant Polymers 173

4.1 Coatings 173

4.1.1 Polyolefin Coatings 173

4.1.2 Adherent Coatings 176

4.1.3 Wire Coatings 177

4.2 Biodegradable Resins 178

4.3 Water-Based Printing Inks 179

4.4 Reinforcing Fibers 181

4.5 Paper Industry Applications 183

4.5.1 Ketene Dimers 183

4.5.2 Anhydrides for Sizing 184

4.5.3 Epoxidized Soybean Oil 185

4.6 Masonry Products 186

4.7 Medical Uses 189

4.7.1 Tissue Engineering 189

4.7.2 Tooth Cleaning 189

4.8 Membranes 192

4.8.1 Microfiltration Membranes 192

4.8.2 Biobased Nanofiber Membranes 193

4.9 Personal Care Compositions 194

4.10 Package Uses 195

4.10.1 Adhesives for Beverage Labels 195

4.11 Grouting Compositions 197

4.11.1 Alginates 198

4.11.2 Dopamine 198

4.12 Xerogels 200

References 202

Index 207

Acronyms 207

Chemicals 209

General Index 218

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