Maritime Safety, Security and Piracy

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ISBN: 9781843117674 | 1843117673
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/31/2008

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Summary

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Safety and security issues are of paramount concern for the shipping industry. The increase in piracy and other threats has increased the challenge of protecting life and property at sea.

List of Contributors	p. xiii
List of Figures	p. xv
List of Tables	p. xvii
Introduction	p. 1
Ships
International Ship Safety Regulations
Introduction	p. 11
Safety conventions of the IMO	p. 12
The flag state and its responsibilities	p. 13
Development of ships' registries and "flagging"	p. 13
Closed and open registers	p. 15
Open registers and flags of convenience: "flagging out"	p. 16
Classification societies and their use by flag states	p. 17
Ultimate responsibility for safety at sea	p. 20
Port state control	p. 21
Trends in application of regulation	p. 24
Conclusion	p. 28
Ship Formal Safety Assessment
Introduction	p. 31
A brief review of some noteworthy marine accidents	p. 32
The capsize of Herald of Free Enterprise	p. 32
The Estonia accident	p. 33
The Prestige accident	p. 33
Current status of formal safety assessment of ships	p. 34
Formal safety assessment	p. 36
Identification of hazards	p. 37
Assessment of risks	p. 38
Risk control options	p. 38
Cost-benefit assessment	p. 39
Decision-making	p. 39
Formal safety assessment of a generic fishing vessel	p. 39
Use of advances in technology for facilitating safety assessment	p. 48
Discussions and recommendations	p. 49
The brainstorming technique	p. 49
Need for interaction with other industries' safety and quality management systems	p. 50
Risk criteria	p. 50
Human element	p. 51
The availability and reliability of data/information	p. 51
Cost-benefit analysis	p. 52
Risk-Based Verification	p. 52
Conclusion	p. 53
Us Ship Accident Research
Introduction	p. 55
Data and methodology	p. 56
Crew and passenger injuries	p. 59
Vessel damages	p. 62
Oil spills	p. 65
Accident probability	p. 68
Marine safety enforcement programmes	p. 68
Accident and pollution prevention technologies	p. 70
Oil pollution liability	p. 70
Summary	p. 71
Security of Ships and Shipping Operations
Introduction	p. 73
Conventional risk assessment for shipping security: overview and critical analysis	p. 74
Maritime security and the layered regulatory approach	p. 75
Shipping security and reporting procedures	p. 76
Security incidents and precursor analysis	p. 77
Review of cost and operational impact of shipping security	p. 79
Compliance cost of shipping security	p. 79
Ex ante assessment	p. 79
Ex post assessment	p. 79
Procedural and operational impacts	p. 82
Towards a new approach for efficient investment in shipping security	p. 84
Conclusion	p. 86
Piracy in Shipping
Introduction	p. 89
The Act	p. 90
Regions affected	p. 91
Impacts	p. 93
Security	p. 94
Patrols	p. 94
Security equipment	p. 96
Reporting	p. 97
Data and estimation results	p. 97
Summary	p. 100
Ship Piracy: Ship Type and Flag
Introduction	p. 103
Definitional aspect and piracy typology	p. 104
Statistical studies on piracy	p. 107
An econometric analysis on acts of piracy	p. 113
Discussion and conclusions	p. 118
Ports
Port Safety and Workers
Introduction	p. 123
Early cargo handling and safety	p. 124
Dock work-the early years	p. 124
Casual labour	p. 125
Speed of operations	p. 126
Training	p. 126
Advent of the container and changes to cargo handling equipment	p. 127
Fighting for improved conditions-unions	p. 129
Impact of US unions	p. 129
Unions and safety-around the globe	p. 131
Link between unions and safety	p. 133
Safety plans	p. 133
Port authority plans	p. 133
Industry plans	p. 135
US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)	p. 135
Cost of worker injuries	p. 137
Management	p. 141
Terminal management	p. 141
Industry management	p. 142
Modern safety mechanisms	p. 143
Automatic guided vehicles	p. 144
Twist locks	p. 144
Mooring	p. 145
Radio frequency and optical character recognition	p. 146
Early worker health programmes	p. 146
Docker hospitals and clinics	p. 146
Spread of epidemics	p. 147
Current occupational health programmes	p. 147
Emissions	p. 148
Dust	p. 150
Conclusion	p. 152
Port State Control Inspection and Vessel Detention
Introduction	p. 153
PSC inspection and detention records	p. 154
An estimation of factors influencing the detention rate	p. 157
Conclusion	p. 164
Appendix 1	p. 166
Appendix 2	p. 168
Port Ship Accidents and Risks
Introduction	p. 169
The sources of risk to ships in ports	p. 170
Statistical overview of ship accidents in ports	p. 171
Average distribution	p. 174
Long-term trends	p. 180
Human risk	p. 182
Assessment for ship risks in ports	p. 185
Count model	p. 185
Exponential decay model	p. 186
Traffic-based simulation model	p. 187
Risk control measures	p. 190
Summary	p. 193
Port Security: A Risk Based Perspective
Introduction	p. 195
General risk management elements	p. 195
Risk issues for port security	p. 201
Situation analysis: hazards	p. 202
Situation analysis: delivery mechanism	p. 203
Situation analysis: consequences and impacts	p. 204
Situation analysis: vulnerability and resilience	p. 204
Strategies and actions for mitigating risks	p. 205
The three Rs: response, remediation and recovery	p. 206
Thinking ahead: challenges in port risk management	p. 207
Port security involves multiple jurisdictions	p. 207
Port security is part of a larger supply chain	p. 208
Programme disparity and complexity	p. 210
Information sharing and privacy	p. 210
The timing challenge	p. 210
The costs of port security	p. 211
Measuring the performance of the security strategy	p. 211
Summary	p. 213
International security programmes (strategies)	p. 214
US national security programmes (strategies)	p. 214
Us Port Security
Introduction	p. 217
Port security legislation and programmes	p. 217
Financing port security	p. 221
Port security incident cycle	p. 226
Prevention	p. 226
Detection	p. 227
Response and recovery	p. 227
Port operating objectives and security	p. 227
Port disruptions from security breaches	p. 231
Summary	p. 232
Eu Port and Shipping Security
Introduction	p. 235
The US approach	p. 236
The European path towards maritime security	p. 241
Is there a European approach?	p. 245
The initial "following the same path" approach	p. 245
Towards a distinctive approach	p. 247
Comparing policy-making and implementation regimes	p. 251
Conclusions	p. 254
Port Security in Asia
Introduction	p. 257
The ISPS Code and port security	p. 258
The situation: evidences from APEC member economies	p. 261
Obstacles and challenges	p. 266
Conclusions	p. 275
A template of the CTAP (sections A1 and A2 only)	p. 277
Selected international maritime security conferences held in Asia	p. 278
Landside Cargo Theft
Introduction	p. 279
The evolution of cargo theft	p. 280
The process of cargo theft	p. 285
The fence	p. 285
The thief	p. 287
The modus operandi	p. 288
Document fraud	p. 289
Warehouse theft	p. 290
The role of insurance	p. 291
Law enforcement	p. 294
Private sector deterrence measures	p. 296
Tools for container physical security	p. 297
Conclusion	p. 299
List of References	p. 301
Index	p. 329
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Maritime Safety, Security and Piracy

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