Materials for Biomedical Engineering Fundamentals and Applications
, by Rahaman, Mohamed N.; Brown, Roger F.
- ISBN: 9781119551089 | 1119551080
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 11/23/2021
MATERIALS FOR BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
A comprehensive yet accessible introductory textbook designed for one-semester courses in biomaterials
Biomaterials are used throughout the biomedical industry in a range of applications, from cardiovascular devices and medical and dental implants to regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, drug delivery, and cancer treatment. Materials for Biomedical Engineering: Fundamentals and Applications provides an up-to-date introduction to biomaterials, their interaction with cells and tissues, and their use in both conventional and emerging areas of biomedicine.
Requiring no previous background in the subject, this student-friendly textbook covers the basic concepts and principles of materials science, the classes of materials used as biomaterials, the degradation of biomaterials in the biological environment, biocompatibility phenomena, and the major applications of biomaterials in medicine and dentistry. Throughout the text, easy-to-digest chapters address key topics such as the atomic structure, bonding, and properties of biomaterials, natural and synthetic polymers, immune responses to biomaterials, implant-associated infections, biomaterials in hard and soft tissue repair, tissue engineering and drug delivery, and more.
- Offers accessible chapters with clear explanatory text, tables and figures, and high-quality illustrations
- Describes how the fundamentals of biomaterials are applied in a variety of biomedical applications
- Features a thorough overview of the history, properties, and applications of biomaterials
- Includes numerous homework, review, and examination problems, full references, and further reading suggestions
Materials for Biomedical Engineering: Fundamentals and Applications is an excellent textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in biomedical materials science courses, and a valuable resource for medical and dental students as well as students with science and engineering backgrounds with interest in biomaterials.
Mohamed N Rahaman is Professor Emeritus of Materials Science and Engineering at Missouri University of Science and Technology. He has over 40 years of research experience in materials for technical and biomedical applications, of which the last 20 years were focused on materials for biomedical applications. He also taught or co-taught a senior undergraduate and graduate level course in biomaterials for over 15 years. Dr. Rahaman is a Fellow of the American Ceramic Society, the author 5 textbooks in the area of ceramic materials processing and fabrication, the author or co-author of over 280 reviewed journal articles and conference proceedings, and the co-inventor of 3 US patents in the area of medical devices.
Roger F. Brown is Professor Emeritus of Biological Sciences at Missouri University of Science and Technology. He has 30 years of research experience with materials designed for hard tissue and soft tissue biomedical applications. He co-taught (in collaboration with Professor Rahaman) a senior undergraduate and graduate level course in biomaterials for over 10 years. Dr. Brown is the author or co-author of over 60 reviewed journal articles and conference proceedings, and a co-inventor on one US patent that pertains to use of bioactive borate glass microfibers for soft tissue repair.
Preface
PART I: INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 Biomaterials – An Introductory Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition and meaning of common terms
1.2.1 Biomaterial
1.2.2 Biocompatibility
1.2.3 Host Response
1.2.4 Categories of biomaterials
1.2.5 Bioactivity
1.2.6 Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
1.2.7 In vivo, ex vivo and in vitro
1.3 Biomaterials design and selection
1.3.1 Evolving trend in biomaterials design
1.3.2 Factors in biomaterials design and selection
1.4 Properties of materials
1.4.1 Intrinsic properties of metals
1.4.2 Intrinsic properties of ceramics
1.4.3 Intrinsic properties of polymers
1.4.4 Properties of composites
1.4.5 Representation of properties
1.5 Case study in biomaterials design and selection: the hip implant
1.5.1 Femoral stem
1.5.2 Femoral head
1.5.3 Acetabular cup
1.5.4 Modern hip implants
1.6 Brief history of the evolution of biomaterials
1.6.1 Prior to World War II
1.6.2 A few decades after World War II
1.6.3 Contemporary period
1.7 Biomaterials an interdisciplinary field
1.8 Concluding remark
Problems
References and further reading
PART II MATERIALS SCIENCE OF BIOMATERIALS
Chapter 2 Atomic Structure and Bonding
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Atomic structure and bonding
2.3 Interatomic forces and bonding energies
2.4 Types of bonds between atoms and molecules
2.5 Primary bonds
2.5.1 The octet rule
2.5.2 Electronegativity of atoms
2.5.3 Polarity of covalent bonds
2.6 Ionic bonding
2.7 Covalent bonding
2.7.1 Hybrid orbitals
2.7.2 Covalent bonding in ceramics
2.7.3 Covalent bonding in polymers
2.8 Metallic bonding
2.9 Secondary bonds
2.9.1 Van der Waals bonding
2.9.2 Hydrogen bonding
2.10 Atomic bonding and structure in proteins
2.10.1 Primary structure
2.10.2 Secondary structure
2.10.3 Tertiary structure
2.10.4 Quaternary structure
2.11 Concluding remarks
Problems
References and further reading
Chapter 3 Structure of Solids
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Packing of atoms in crystals
3.2.1 Unit cells and crystal systems
3.3 Structure of solids used as biomaterials
3.3.1 Crystal structure of metals
3.3.2 Crystal structure of ceramics
3.3.3 Structure of inorganic glasses
3.3.4 Structure of carbon materials
3.3.5 Structure of polymers
3.4 Defects in crystalline solids
3.4.1 Point defects
3.4.2 Line defects: dislocations
3.4.3 Planar defects: surfaces and grain boundaries
3.5 Microstructure of biomaterials
3.5.1 Microstructure of dense biomaterials
3.5.2 Microstructure of porous biomaterials
3.6 Special topic: Lattice planes and lattice directions
3.6.1 Unit cell geometry
3.6.2 Lattice positions
3.6.3 Lattice planes
3.6.4 Lattice directions
3.7 Concluding remarks
Problems
References
Chapter 4 Bulk Properties of Materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mechanical properties of materials
4.2.1 Mechanical stress and strain
4.2.2 Elastic modulus
4.2.3 Mechanical response of materials
4.2.4 Stress strain behavior of metals, ceramics and polymers
4.2.5 Fracture of materials
4.2.6 Toughness and fracture toughness
4.2.7 Fatigue
4.2.8 Hardness
4.3 Effect of microstructure on mechanical properties
4.3.1 Effect of porosity
4.3.2 Effect if grain size
4.4 Designing with ductile and brittle materials
4.4.1 Designing with metals
4.4.2 Designing with ceramics
4.4.3 Designing with polymers
4.5 Electrical properties
4.5.1 Electrical conductivity of materials
4.5.2 Electrical conductivity of conducting polymers
4.6 Magnetic properties
4.6.1 Origins of magnetic response in materials
4.6.2 Meaning and definition of relevant magnetic properties
4.6.3 Diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials
4.6.4 Ferromagnetic materials
4.6.5 Ferrimagnetic materials
4.6.6 Magnetization curves and hysteresis
4.6.7 Hyperthermia treatment of tumors using magnetic nanoparticle
4.7 Thermal properties
4.7.1 Thermal conductivity
4.7.2 Thermal expansion coefficient
4.8 Optical properties
4.9 Concluding remarks
Problems
References and further reading
Chapter 5 Surface Properties of Materials
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Surface energy
5.2.1 Determination of surface energy of materials
5.2.2 Measurement of contact angle
5.2.3 Effects of surface energy
5.3 Surface chemistry
5.3.1 Characterization of surface chemistry
5.4 Surface charge
5.4.1 Surface charging mechanisms
5.4.2 Measurement of surface charge and potential
5.4.3 Effect of surface charge
5.5 Surface topography
5.5.1 Surface roughness parameters
5.5.2 Characterization of surface topography
5.5.3 Effect of surface topography on cell and tissue response
5.6 Concluding remarks
Problems
References and further reading
PART III CLASSES OF MATERIALS USED IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Chapter 6 Metals used as Biomaterials
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Crystal structure of metals
6.3 Polymorphic transformation
6.3.1 Formation of nuclei of critical size
6.3.2 Rate of phase transformation
6.3.3 Diffusive transformations
6.3.4 Displacive transformations
6.3.5 Time temperature transformation (TTT) diagrams
6.4 Alloys
6.5 Shape (morphology) of phases
6.5.1 Phase diagram principles: The Fe C phase diagram
6.5.2 Composition structure property relationships in carbon steels
6.6 Production methods
6.6.1 Wrought metal products
6.6.2 Cast metal products
6.6.3 Alternative production methods
6.7 Strengthening metals
6.7.1 Solid solution hardening
6.7.2 Precipitation and dispersion hardening
6.7.3 Work hardening
6.7.4 Grain size refinement
6.8 Classes of metals used as biomaterials
6.8.1 Stainless steels
6.8.2 Titanium and titanium alloys
6.8.3 Cobalt chromium alloys
6.8.4 Nickel titanium alloys
6.8.5 Tantalum
6.8.6 Zirconium alloys
6.8.7 Noble metals
6.9 Degradable metals
6.9.1 Designing degradable metals
6.9.2 Degradable magnesium alloys
6.10 Concluding remarks
Problems
References and further reading
Chapter 7 Ceramic Biomaterials
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Design and processing of ceramics
7.2.1 Design principles for creating mechanically reliable ceramics
7.2.2 Principles of processing ceramics
7.3 Ceramics used as biomaterials
7.3.1 Chemically unreactive ceramics
7.3.2 Calcium phosphate compounds
7.3.3 Calcium phosphate cements
7.3.4 Calcium sulfate
7.4 Glasses
7.4.1 Glass transition temperature
7.4.2 Glass viscosity
7.4.3 Production of glasses
7.4.4 Chemically unreactive glasses
7.4.5 Bioactive glasses
7.5 Glass ceramics
7.5.1 Production of glass ceramics
7.5.2 Bioactive glass ceramics
7.5.3 Chemically unreactive glass ceramics
7.6 Concluding remarks
Problems
References and further reading
Chapter 8 Synthetic Polymers I: Nondegradable Polymers
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Polymer science fundamentals
8.2.1 Copolymers
8.2.2 Linear and crosslinked molecules
8.2.3 Molecular symmetry and stereo-regularity
8.2.4 Molecular weight
8.2.5 Molecular conformation
8.2.6 Molecular conformation in amorphous polymers
8.2.7 Glass transition temperature
8.2.8 Semicrystalline polymers
8.2.9 Molecular orientation in amorphous and semicrystalline polymers
8.3 Production of polymers
8.3.1 Polymer synthesis
8.3.2 Production methods
8.4 Mechanical properties of polymers
8.4.1 Effect of temperature
8.4.2 Effect of crystallinity
8.4.3 Effect of molecular weight
8.4.4 Effect of molecular orientation
8.5 Thermoplastic polymers
8.5.1 Polyolefins
8.5.2 Fluorinated hydrocarbon polymers
8.5.3 Vinyl polymers
8.5.4 Acrylic polymers
8.5.5 Polyaryletherketones
8.5.6 Polysulfone, polyethersulfone and polycarbonate
8.5.7 Polyesters
8.5.8 Polyamides
8.6 Elastomeric polymers
8.6.1 Polydimethylsiloxane
8.7 Special topic: Polyurethanes
8.7.1 Production of polyurethanes
8.7.2 Structure property relations in polyurethanes
8.7.3 Chemical stability of polyurethanes in vivo
8.7.4 Biomedical applications of polyurethanes
8.8 Water-soluble polymers
8.9 Concluding remarks
Problems
References and further reading
Chapter 8 Synthetic Polymers II: Degradable Polymers
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Degradation of polymers
9.3 Erosion of polymers
9.4 Characterization of degradation and erosion
9.5 Factors controlling polymer degradation
9.5.1 Chemical structure
9.5.2 pH
9.5.3 Copolymerization
9.5.4 Crystallinity
9.5.5 Molecular weight
9.5.6 Water uptake
9.6 Factors controlling polymer erosion
9.6.1 Bulk erosion
9.6.2 Surface erosion
9.7 Design criteria for degradable polymers
9.8 Types of degradable polymers relevant to biomaterials
9.8.1 Poly(-hydroxy esters)
9.8.2 Polycaprolactone
9.8.3 Polyanhydrides
9.8.4 Poly(ortho esters)
9.8.5 Polydioxanone
9.8.6 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
9.8.7 Poly(propylene fumarate)
9.8.8 Polyacetals and polyketals
9.8.9 Poly(polyol sebacate)
9.8.10 Polycarbonates
9.9 Concluding remarks
Problems
References and further reading
Chapter 10 Natural Polymers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 General properties and characteristics of natural polymers
10.3 Protein-based natural polymers
10.3.1 Collagen
10.3.2 Gelatin
10.3.3 Silk
10.3.4 Elastin
10.3.5 Fibrin
10.3.6 Laminin
10.4 Polysaccharide-based natural polymers
10.4.1 Hyaluronic acid
10.4.2 Sulfated glycosaminoglycans
10.4.3 Alginate
10.4.4 Chitosan
10.4.5 Agarose
10.4.6 Cellulose
10.4.7 Bacterial (microbial) cellulose
10.5 Concluding remarks
Problems
References
Chapter 11 Hydrogels
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Characteristics of hydrogels
11.3 Types of hydrogels
11.4 Creation of hydrogels
11.4.1 Chemical hydrogels
11.4.2 Physical hydrogels
11.5 Characterization of sol to gel transition
11.6 Swelling behavior of hydrogels
11.6.1 Theory of swelling
11.6.2 Determination of swelling parameters
11.7 Mechanical properties of hydrogels
11.8 Transport properties of hydrogels
11.9 Surface properties of hydrogels
11.10 Environmentally responsive hydrogels
11.10.1 pH responsive hydrogels
11.10.2 Temperature responsive hydrogels
11.11 Synthetic hydrogels
11.11.1 Polyethylene glycol and polyethylene oxide
11.11.2 Polyvinyl alcohol
11.11.3 Polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate
11.11.4 Polyacrylic acid and polymethacrylic acid
11.11.5 Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)
11.12 Natural hydrogels
11.13 Application of hydrogels
11.12.1 Drug delivery
11.12.2 Cell encapsulation and immunoisolation
11.12.3 Scaffolds for tissue engineering
11.14 Concluding remarks
Problems
References
Chapter 12 Composite Biomaterials
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Types of composites
12.3 Mechanical properties of composites
12.3.1 Mechanical properties of fiber composites
12.3.2 Mechanical properties of particulate composites
12.4 Biomedical applications of composites
12.5 Concluding remarks
Problems
References
Chapter 13 Surface Modification and Biological Functionalization of Biomaterial
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Surface modification
13.3 Surface modification methods
13.4 Plasma processes
13.4.1 Plasma treatment principles
13.4.2 Advantages and drawbacks of plasma treatment
13.4.3 Applications of plasma treatment
13.5 Chemical vapor deposition
13.5.1 Chemical vapor deposition of inorganic films
13.5.2 Chemical vapor deposition of polymer films
13.6 Physical methods of surface modification
13.7 Parylene coating
13.8 Radiation grafting
13.9 Chemical reactions
13.10 Solution processing of coatings
13.10.1 Silanization
13.10.2 Langmuir Blodgett films
13.10.3 Self-assembled monolayers
13.10.4 Layer-by-layer deposition
13.11 Biological functionalization of biomaterials
13.11.1 Immobilization of biomolecules on biomaterials
13.11.2 Physical immobilization
13.11.3 Chemical immobilization
13.11.4 Heparin modification of biomaterials
13.12 Concluding remarks
Problems
References
PART IV DEGRADATION OF BIOMATERIALS IN THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 14 Degradation of Metallic and Ceramic Biomaterials
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Corrosion of metals
14.2.1 Principles of corrosion
14.2.2 Rate of corrosion
14.2.3 Pourbaix diagrams
14.2.4 Types of corrosion
14.3 Corrosion of metals in the physiological environment
14.3.1 Minimizing metal implant corrosion in vivo
14.4 Degradation of ceramics in the physiological environment
14.4.1 Degradation by dissolution and disintegration
14.4.2 Cell-mediated degradation
14.5 Concluding remarks
Problems
References
Chapter 15 Degradation of Polymeric Biomaterials
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Hydrolytic degradation
15.2.1 Hydrolytic degradation pathways
15.2.2 Role of the physiological environment
15.2.3 Effect of local pH changes
15.2.4 Effect of inorganic ions
15.2.5 Effect of bacteria
15.3 Enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis
15.3.1 Principles of enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis
15.3.2 Role of enzymes in hydrolytic degradation in vitro
15.3.3 Role of enzymes in hydrolytic degradation in vivo
15.4 Oxidative degradation
15.4.1 Principles of oxidative degradation
15.4.2 Production of radicals and reactive species in vivo
15.4.3 Role of radicals and reactive species in oxidative degradation
15.5 Other types of degradation
15.5.1 Stress cracking
15.5.2 Metal-ion induced oxidative degradation
15.5.3 Oxidative degradation induced by the external environment
15.6 Concluding remarks
Problems
References
PART V BIOCOMPATIBILITY PHENOMENA
Chapter 16 Biocompatibility Fundamentals
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Biocompatibility phenomena with implanted devices
16.2.1 Consequences of failed biocompatibility
16.2.2 Basic pattern of biocompatibility phenomena
16.3 Protein and cell interactions with biomaterial surfaces
16.3.1 Protein adsorption onto biomaterials
16.3.2 Cell biomaterial interactions
16.4 Cells and organelles
16.4.1 Plasma membrane
16.4.2 Cell nucleus
16.4.3 Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus
16.4.4 Mitochondria
16.4.5 Cytoskeleton
16.5 Extracellular matrix and tissues
16.5.1 Components of extracellular matrix
16.5.2 Attachment factors
16.5.3 Adhesion factors
16.5.4 Molecular and physical factors in cell attachment
16.5.5 Tissue types and organs
16.6 Plasma and blood cells
16.6.1 Erythrocytes
16.6.2 Leukocytes
16.7 Platelet adhesion to biomaterial surface
16.8 Platelets and the coagulation process
16.9 Cell types and their roles in biocompatibility phenomena
16.10 Concluding remarks
Problems
References and further reading
Chapter 17 Mechanical Factors in Biocompatibility Phenomena
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Stages and mechanisms of mechanotransduction
17.2.1 Force transduction pathways
17.2.2 Signal transduction pathways and other mechanisms
17.2.3 Mechanisms of cellular response
17.3 Mechanical stress-induced biocompatibility phenomena
17.3.1 Implantable devices in bone healing
17.3.2 Implantable devices in the cardiovascular system
17.3.3 Implants in soft tissue healing
17.3.4 Stem cells in tissue engineering
17.4 Outcomes of transduction of extracellular stresses and responses
17.5 Concluding remarks
Problems
References and Further Reading
Chapter 18 Inflammatory Reactions to Biomaterials
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Implant interaction with plasma proteins
18.3 Formation of provisional matrix
18.4 Acute inflammation and neutrophils
18.4.1 Neutrophil activation and extravasation
18.4.2 Formation of oxygen radicals
18.4.3 Phagocytosis by neutrophils
18.4.4 Neutrophil extracellular traps
18.4.5 Neutrophil apoptosis
18.5 Chronic inflammation and macrophages
18.5.1 Macrophage differentiation and recruitment to implant surfaces
18.5.2 Phagocytosis by M1 macrophages
18.5.3 Generation of oxidative radicals by M1 macrophages
18.5.4 Anti-inflammatory activities of M2 macrophages
18.6 Granulation tissue
18.7 Foreign body response
18.8 Fibrosis and fibrous encapsulation
18.9 Resolution of inflammation
18.10 Inflammation and biocompatibility
18.11 Concluding remarks
Problems
References and further Reading
Chapter 19 Immune Responses to Biomaterials
19.1. Introduction
19.2 Adaptive immune system
19.2.1 Lymphocyte origins of two types of immune defense
19.2.2 Antibody characteristics and classes
19.2.3 Major histocompatibility complex and self-tolerance
19.2.4 B cell activation and release of antibodies
19.2.5 T cell development and cell mediated immunity
19.3 The complement system
19.4 Adaptive immune responses to biomaterials
19.4.1 Hypersensitivity responses
19.4.2 Immune responses to protein biomaterials and complexes
19.5 Designing biomaterials to modulate immune responses
19.6 Concluding remarks
Problems
References
Appendix
Chapter 20 Implant-Associated Infections
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Bacteria associated with implant infections
20.3 Biofilms and their characteristics
20.4 Sequence of biofilm formation on implant surfaces
20.4.1 Passive reversible adhesion of bacteria to an implant surface
20.4.2 Specific irreversible attachment of bacterial cells to implant surface
20.4.3 Microcolony expansion and formation of biofilm matrix
20.4.4 Biofilm maturation and tower formation
20.4.5 Dispersal and return to planktonic state
20.5 Biomaterial characteristics that affect bacterial adhesion
20.6 Biofilm shielding of infection from host defenses and antibiotics
20.7 Biofilm effects on host tissues and biomaterial interactions
20.8 Strategies for controlling implant infections
20.8.1 Orthopedic implants designed for rapid tissue integration
20.8.2 Surface nanotopography
20.8.3 Silver nanoparticles
20.8.4 Anti-biofilm polysaccharides
20.8.5 Bacteriophage therapy
20.8.6 Mechanical disruption
20.9 Concluding remarks
Problems
References and further reading
Chapter 21 Response to Surface Topography and Particulate Materials
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Effects of biomaterial surface topography on cell response
21.2.1 Microscale surface roughness in osseointegration
21.2.2 Micropatterned and nanopatterned surfaces in macrophage differentiation
21.2.3 Micropatterned surfaces in neural regeneration
21.3 Biomaterial surface topography for antimicrobial activity
21.3.1 Microscale topography with antimicrobial activity
21.3.2 Submicron scale topography for antimicrobial activity
21.3.3 Nanoscale topography with antimicrobial activity
21.4 Microparticle-induced host responses
21.4.1 Mechanisms of microparticle endocytosis
21.4.2 Response to microparticles
21.4.3 Microparticle distribution in the organs
21.4.4 The inflammasome and particle induced inflammation
21.4.5 Wear debris-induced osteolysis
21.5 Nanoparticle-induced host responses
21.5.1 Mechanisms of nanoparticle endocytosis
21.5.2 Response to nanoparticles
21.5.3 Cytotoxicity effects of nanoparticles
21.6 Concluding remarks
Problems
References
Chapter 22 Tests of Biocompatibility of Prospective Implant Materials
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Biocompatibility standards and regulations
22.2.1 ISO 10993
22.2.2 FDA guidelines and requirements
22.3 In vitro biocompatibility test procedures
22.3.1 Cytotoxicity tests
22.3.2 Genotoxicity tests
22.3.3 Hemocompatibility test
22.4 In vivo biocompatibility test procedures
22.4.1 Implantation tests
22.4.2 Thrombogenicity tests
22.4.3 Irritation and sensitization tests
22.4.4 Systemic toxicity tests
22.5 Clinical trials of biomaterials
22.6 Regulatory review and approval
22.7 Case study: The Proplast temporomandibular joint
22.8 Concluding remarks
Problems
References and further reading
PART VI APPLICATIONS OF BIOMATERIALS
Chapter 23 Biomaterials for Hard Tissue Repair
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Healing of bone fracture
23.2.1 Mechanisms of fracture healing
23.2.2 Internal fracture fixation devices
23.3 Healing of bone defects
23.3.1 Bone defects
23.3.2 Bone grafts
23.3.3 Bone graft substitutes
23.3.4 Healing of non-structural bone defects
23.3.5 Healing of structural bone defects
23.4 Total joint replacement
23.4.1 Total hip arthroplasty
23.4.2 Total knee arthroplasty
23.5 Spinal fusion
23.5.1 Biomaterials for spinal fusion
23.6 Dental implants and restorations
23.6.1 Dental implants
23.6.2 Indirect dental restorations
23.6.3 Direct dental restorations
23.7 Concluding remarks
Problems
References and further reading
Chapter 24 Biomaterials for Soft Tissue Repair
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Surgical sutures and adhesives
24.2.1 Sutures
24.2.2 Soft tissue adhesives
24.3 The cardiovascular system
24.3.1 Major anatomical features of the cardiovascular system
24.3.2 Vascular grafts
24.3.3 Balloon angioplasty
24.3.4 Intravascular stents
24.3.5 Prosthetic heart valves
24.4 Ophthalmologic applications
24.4.1 Contact lenses
24.4.2 Intraocular lenses
24.5 Skin wound healing
24.5.1 Fundamentals of skin wound healing
24.5.2 Complicating factors in skin wound healing
24.5.3 Biomaterials-based therapies for skin wound healing
24.5.4 Nanoparticle-based therapies for skin wound healing
24.6 Concluding remarks
Problems
References and further reading
Chapter 25 Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Principles of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
25.2.1 Cells for tissue engineering
25.2.2 Biomolecules and nutrients for ex vivo tissue engineering
25.2.3 Growth factors for tissue engineering
25.2.4 Cell therapy
25.2.5 Gene therapy
25.3 Biomaterials and scaffolds for tissue engineering
25.3.1 Properties of scaffolds for tissue engineering
25.3.2 Biomaterials for tissue engineering scaffolds
25.3.3 Porous solids
25.3.4 Hydrogels
25.3.5 Extracellular matrix scaffolds
25.4 Techniques for creating tissue engineering scaffolds
25.4.1 Creation of scaffolds in the form of porous solids
25.4.2 Electrospinning
25.4.3 Additive manufacturing (3D printing) techniques
25.4.4 Formation of hydrogel scaffolds
25.4.5 Preparation of extracellular matrix scaffolds
25.5 Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting
25.5.1 Inkjet-based bioprinting
25.5.2 Microextrusion-based bioprinting
25.6 Tissue engineering for the regeneration of functional tissues and organs
25.6.1 Bone tissue engineering
25.6.2 Articular cartilage tissue engineering
25.6.3 Articular joints
25.6.4 Tendons and ligaments
25.6.5 Skin tissue engineering
25.6.6 Bladder tissue engineering
25.7 Concluding remarks
Problems
References and further reading
Chapter 26 Biomaterials for Drug Delivery
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Controlled drug delivery
26.2.1 Drug delivery systems
26.2.2 Mechanisms of drug release
26.3 Designing biomaterials for drug delivery systems
26.4 Microparticle-based drug delivery systems
26.4.1 Preparation of polymer-based microsphere delivery systems
26.4.2 Applications of microparticle-based delivery systems
26.5 Hydrogel-based drug delivery systems
26.5.1 Environmentally responsive drug delivery systems
26.5.2 Drug delivery systems responsive to external physical stimuli
26.6 Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems
26.6.1 Fate of nanoparticles
26.6.2 Targeting of nanoparticles to cells
26.6.3 Polymer nanoparticle-based systems
26.6.4 Lipid-based nanoparticles
26.6.5 Polymer conjugates
26.6.6 Dendrimers
26.6.7 Inorganic nanoparticles
26.7 Delivery of ribonucleic acid (RNA)
26.7.1 Modification of siRNA
26.7.2 Biomaterials for siRNA delivery
26.8 Biological drug delivery systems
26.8.1 Exosomes for therapeutic biomolecule delivery
26.9 Concluding remarks
Problems
References and further reading
What is included with this book?
The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.
The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.
Please wait while the item is added to your bag...
×
Digital License
You are licensing a digital product for a set duration. Durations are set forth in the product description, with "Lifetime" typically meaning five (5) years of online access and permanent download to a supported device. All licenses are non-transferable.
More details can be found here.