Media and Youth A Developmental Perspective

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ISBN: 9781405179478 | 1405179473
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 12/7/2009

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Media & Youth: A Developmental Perspective provides a comprehensive review and critique of the research and theoretical literature related to media effects on infants, children, and adolescents, with a unique emphasis on development. The only textbook to evaluate the role of development in media effects research, filling a gap in the subject of children and media Multiple forms of media, including internet use, are discussed for a comprehensive view of the subject Developmental points of interest are highlighted at the end of each section to reinforce the importance of development in media effects research Children's cognitive, social, and emotional abilities from pre-school to adolescence are integrated into the text for greater clarity

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xii
Media in the Lives of Youth	p. 1
A Brief History of the Perceived Power of the Media	p. 1
Investigating Media Effects Across Development	p. 4
Media Ownership Across Development	p. 5
Media in the Home	p. 5
Media in the Bedroom	p. 5
Media Consumption Across Development	p. 8
Measuring Media Use	p. 8
Media Use During Infancy, Toddlerhood, and Early Childhood	p. 12
Media Consumption During Middle Childhood and Adolescence	p. 13
Why Youth Consume Media	p. 15
Uses and Gratifications Approach to Media Consumption	p. 15
Self-Determination Theory	p. 19
Additional Reasons for Media Consumption	p. 21
Developmental Points of Interest	p. 22
Media Effect Theories	p. 25
Socialization and Theory	p. 25
Hypodermic Needle or Magic Bullet Theory	p. 27
Excitation Transfer	p. 27
Cultivation Perspective	p. 28
Priming	p. 30
Social Learning and Social Cognitive Theory	p. 31
Social Learning Theory	p. 32
Social Cognitive Theory	p. 34
Script Theory	p. 35
Universal Media Model	p. 36
Developmental Points of Interest	p. 39
Media and Academic Effects	p. 41
Is Media Consumption Detrimental to Academic Achievement?	p. 42
Mechanisms Behind the Reduction Hypothesis	p. 42
Research Linking Media Use and Academic Achievement	p. 45
Evaluating Research on the Reduction and Stimulation Hypotheses	p. 46
The Benefits of Educational Media	p. 46
Televised Educational Media	p. 47
Computer-Assisted Instruction	p. 54
Music and Academic Achievement: Myth or Reality?	p. 58
Developmental Points of Interest	p. 60
The Medical and Social Benefits of Media Use	p. 63
Pain Reduction Through Media-Based Distraction	p. 63
Research on Infants	p. 64
Research on Toddlers and Preschoolers	p. 65
Research on Youth in Middle Childhood and Adolescence	p. 65
Distraction Through Absorption and Flow	p. 66
Pain and Video Games: A Prescription for Success?	p. 67
Additional Medical Benefits of Video Game Play and Virtual Reality	p. 67
The Behavioral Benefits of Prosocial Media	p. 69
Cognitive Requirements Needed for Prosocial Learning	p. 70
Research on Infants and Toddlers	p. 71
Research on Preschoolers	p. 71
Research on Youth in Middle Childhood and Adolescence	p. 73
The Psychological Benefits of the Internet	p. 74
Friendship	p. 74
Well-Being and Social Self-Esteem	p. 75
Identity Exploration	p. 76
Developmental Points of Interest	p. 77
Advertising, Consumer Behavior, and Youth	p. 81
Consumer Behavior Across Development	p. 82
Feeling Wants and Preferences	p. 82
Nagging and Negotiations	p. 83
Adventure and the First Purchase	p. 85
Conformity and Fastidiousness	p. 86
Consumer Behavior During Adolescence	p. 87
Consumer Behavior and the Moderating Effect of Materialism	p. 88
Advertisements That Target Youth	p. 90
Characteristics of Advertisements Targeting Youth	p. 91
Advertisements That Are Not Supposed to Target Youth but Most Likely Do	p. 94
Research on Intended Cognitions	p. 96
Research on Intended Emotions	p. 98
Research on Intended Behavior	p. 99
Developmental Points of Interest	p. 101
Media and Stereotyping	p. 103
The Nature of Stereotypes	p. 103
Stereotypes in the Media That Youth Consume	p. 105
Stereotypes in Literature	p. 105
Stereotypes in Newspaper Comics	p. 111
Stereotypes in Cartoons	p. 112
Stereotypes in Educational Television and Computer Software	p. 114
Stereotypes in Television Commercials	p. 115
Stereotypes in Live-Action Television Programming	p. 117
Stereotypes in Video Games	p. 118
Stereotypes on the Internet	p. 119
Effects of Stereotypes in the Media on Youth	p. 120
Stereotyped Media and Gender	p. 120
Racial Stereotypes	p. 122
Developmental Points of Interest	p. 123
Media Influences on Obesity, Body Image, and Eating Disorders	p. 126
Media Consumption and Body Weight	p. 127
Explaining Why Media Can Be Fattening	p. 128
Parents, Media, and Obesity	p. 133
Media and Obesity Stigma	p. 133
Body Image and Media	p. 135
Depictions of Body Image in the Media	p. 136
Body Image Research	p. 139
Thin-Ideal Media and Eating Disorders in Females	p. 144
Lean Muscularity and Muscle Dysmorphia in Males	p. 147
Developmental Points of Interest	p. 147
The Role of Media in Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drug Use	p. 149
Prevalence of Cigarette, Alcohol, and Drug (CAD) Use Across Development	p. 149
Outcomes Associated With Adolescent CAD Use	p. 152
Health Risks	p. 152
Gateway Hypothesis of Drug Use	p. 153
Addiction	p. 154
Perceptions of CAD Use	p. 155
Prevalence of Substance Use in the Media	p. 156
Advertisements	p. 156
Media-Based Story Lines in the Movies and on TV	p. 158
Music	p. 161
Video Games	p. 162
Websites	p. 163
Effects of Substance Use in the Media	p. 165
Research During Early Childhood	p. 165
Research During Middle Childhood	p. 166
Research During Adolescence	p. 168
Developmental Points of Interest	p. 172
Media and the Sexualization and Sexual Socialization of Youth	p. 175
Sexualization and Sexual Socialization	p. 175
Sexual Media	p. 178
Sexual Content Observed by Children and Adolescents	p. 178
Sexualization of Youth in the Media	p. 184
The Effects of Viewing Sexual Media on Adolescents	p. 186
Attitudes Toward Sex	p. 187
Sexual Expectations and Attributions	p. 187
Sexual Behavior	p. 188
Developmental Points of Interest	p. 190
Violent Media Part 1: Comic Books, Music, and Video Games	p. 193
A Brief Primer on Aggression	p. 194
Violent Comic Books	p. 195
Music Violence	p. 197
Violent Lyrics	p. 197
Boulevard of Broken Lyrics?	p. 198
Violent Music and Aggressive Actions	p. 199
Violent Music Videos	p. 200
Violent Music and Suicide	p. 201
Violent Video Games	p. 202
Violent Video Games and Increasing Realism	p. 203
Violent Video Games and Youth: Effects of Era, Age, and Research Design	p. 204
Violent Gaming Online	p. 209
Developmental Points of Interest	p. 211
Violent Media Part 2: Traditional Screen Media	p. 213
Violence in Traditional Screen Media	p. 213
Factors That Influence the Perception of Violence	p. 215
Sanitization and Consequences	p. 215
Comedy	p. 216
Justification and Legitimation	p. 216
Perceived Reality	p. 217
Graphicness	p. 217
Glamorization	p. 218
Research on the Factors That Influence the Perception of Violence in Media	p. 218
The Effects of On-Screen Violence on Youth	p. 219
Aggressive Disinhibition	p. 219
Changes in Aggression-Related Constructs	p. 224
Desensitization	p. 226
Becoming Fearful	p. 228
Developmental Points of Interest	p. 230
Media Effects: Magnitude, Risk, and Media Literacy	p. 233
Meta-Analysis	p. 234
Findings From Meta-Analyses of Media Effects Research	p. 235
Risk, Protective, and Beneficial Factors	p. 239
Reducing the Negative Effects of Media Through Media Literacy	p. 240
Research on Co-Consuming Mediation	p. 242
Research on Restrictive Mediation	p. 242
Research on Active Mediation	p. 244
Countermedia	p. 246
Developmental Points of Interest	p. 250
References	p. 253
Index	p. 296
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Media and Youth A Developmental Perspective

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