The Medical World of Early Modern France

This is a unique history of French medicine between the sixteenth century and the French Revolution. Brockliss focuses on physicians, surgeons, and apothecaries, providing an overview of long-term changes in their ideas about medicine and their craft. But he also discusses other denizens of the medical world-- quacks, charlatans, wise women, midwives, herbalist and others--setting them within the broader context of social, economic, demographic, and cultural change.

List of Illustrations

xiii

(2)

List of Figures

xv

(1)

List of Maps

xvi

(1)

List of Tables

xvii

(2)

List of Abbreviations

xix

(1)

Biographical Note

xx

(1)

A Note on Presentation

xxi

(1)

A Note on Exchange Rates

xxii

Introduction. Towards a New Medical History of Early Modern France

1

(36)

A. The `New Medical History'

1

(7)

B. The Unitary Medical World of Early Modern France

8

(12)

C. The Decline and Fall of the Corporative Medical Community

20

(11)

D. Towards the Nineteenth Century

31

(6)

PART I: BENEATH THE SHADOW OF THE PLAGUE

37

(310)

1. Death and Disease in French Society in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

37

(48)

A. The Plague-Wracked Body

37

(6)

B. Plague and the Pathosystem

43

(10)

C. Death and the Demographic Regime

53

(13)

D. `Living with One Foot in the Air': The Social Construction of Death and Disease

66

(14)

E. The Cultural Niche of Early Modern Medicine

80

(5)

2. Medical Doctrine

85

(85)

A. Medicine in the Medieval University

85

(5)

B. The Early Modern University and the Diffusion of Medical Knowledge

90

(17)

C. The Gospel according to Galen

107

(12)

D. The Paracelsian Heresy

119

(9)

E. Fernel and his Legacy

128

(10)

F. The Faculties and the Scientific Revolution

138

(12)

G. The Theory of Medical Practice

150

(16)

H. Medical Training as Theory

166

(4)

3. The Corporative Medical Community in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

170

(60)

A. The Origins of Medical Corporatism

170

(7)

B. Incorporation in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

177

(11)

C. Becoming Qualified

188

(10)

D. Trained Practitioners: Numbers and Background

198

(16)

E. Intercorporate Relations: The Case of Paris

214

(11)

F. A Corporative Medical Community sui generis

225

(5)

4. The Medical Penumbra

230

(54)

A. The Figure of the Charlatan

230

(8)

B. Incorporation, Patronage, and Power

238

(7)

C. Institutional Medicine

245

(10)

D. Medicine, the Clergy and the Devot Movement

255

(7)

E. The Medical Role of Women

262

(11)

F. Popular Galenism

273

(11)

5. The Sick and their Practitioners

284

(63)

A. The Choice of Practitioner

284

(12)

B. Consulting the Doctor

296

(10)

C. Treating the Sick

306

(14)

D. Practitioner Wealth

320

(8)

E. The Court and the Capital

328

(8)

F. Rereading Moliere

336

(11)

PART II: BEYOND THE SHADOW OF THE PLAGUE

347

(488)

6. Death and Disease in the Eighteenth Century (c. 1680-1789)

347

(64)

A. Marseilles in 1720: `Days of Affiction and Mourning'

347

(9)

B. The Pathosystem in Transition: From Mortality to Morbidity?

356

(14)

C. The Enlightenment

370

(9)

D. Medicine and the Bourgeois Public Sphere

379

(19)

E. The Transformation of Mentalites and the Triumph of Life

398

(10)

F. Productive Bodies, Morbid Bodies

408

(3)

7. The Medical Enlightenment

411

(69)

A. An Age of Ideological Ferment

411

(7)

B. Mechanists, Vitalists, and Empiricists

418

(15)

C. The Science of Disease on the Eve of the French Revolution

433

(8)

D. The Expansion of the Medicable

441

(18)

E. The Invention of Hygiene

459

(14)

F. The Enlightenment Physician as an Ideal

473

(7)

8. The Corporative Medical Community in the Eighteenth Century

480

(73)

A. The Corporative Map

480

(5)

B. Standardization and State Control

485

(14)

C. The Expansion of Medical Instruction

499

(17)

D. Trained Practitioners: Numbers and Background

516

(18)

E. The Sick and their Practitioners

534

(14)

F. A Community in Crisis

548

(5)

9. The Rise of Surgery

553

(69)

A. French Surgery in the Eighteenth Century

553

(12)

B. The Stagnation of Physic

565

(13)

C. The Academy of Surgery

578

(12)

D. The Debate over Surgery

590

(15)

E. Boundary-Dissolution

605

(12)

F. The Survival of Corporatism

617

(5)

10. Medical Entrepreneurialism in the Enlightenment

622

(49)

A. The New Medical Entrepreneur

622

(5)

B. The Regulation of Remedies and the Making of `Quack Street'

627

(16)

C. Medicine, Print, and the Great Chain of Buying

643

(15)

D. Learning to Live with `Charlatanism' on the Medical Market-Place

658

(10)

E. Medicine in an Empiricist Age

668

(3)

11. The Hospital in the Enlightenment

671

(59)

A. The Discovery of the Hospital

671

(7)

B. From Plague to Poverty: Hospitals and the `Great Confinement of the Poor'

678

(11)

C. Military and Naval Medicine

689

(12)

D. Constructing the Hospital Patient

701

(16)

E. The `Black Legend' of the Hospital in the Late Enlightenment

717

(8)

F. The Hospital: Medical Aid or Health Hazard?

725

(5)

12. Medicine and the Enlightenment State

730

(53)

A. The `Boites d'Helvetius' (boites des remedes)

730

(4)

B. Bienfaisance and Medical Police

734

(16)

C. From `The Great Confinement' to `The Great Clean-Up'

750

(10)

D. The Royal Society of Medicine and the Struggle for Medical Authority

760

(9)

E. The Royal Society of Medicine and Quackery

769

(10)

F. The Politics of the Pathogenic Environment

779

(4)

Conclusion. Beyond Mesmerism: The Scientization of Medicine and the Politicization of Health in the French Revolution

783

(52)

A. `Cries, Gasps, Sighs, Songs, Groans': Mesmer and Mesmerism

783

(11)

B. Mesmerism, Medicine, and the New Cultural Politics

794

(8)

C. The Destruction of the Old Medical World and the Apotheosis of the `Citizen-Savant'

802

(16)

D. Restructuring the Medical World for the Nineteenth Century

818

(8)

E. The Myth of Medical Progress

826

(9)

Bibliography

835

(62)

Index

897

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The Medical World of Early Modern France

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials