Medications and Mathematics for the Nurse

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ISBN: 9780766830806 | 0766830802
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/22/2001

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This comprehensive text presents pharmacology in a non-threatening, easy to access format, using clear, and informal language, numerous illustrations and tables, and step-by-step procedures. Content is organized into five major sections: 1. Basic Mathematics; 2. Calculations of Doses and Solutions; 3. Administration of Medications; 4. Drugs and Related Substances; 5. Effects of Medications on Body Systems. Drug information is presented in numerous tables for ready reference, including data on generic names, trade names, route(s) of administration, usual dosage(s), and adverse reactions. A review of common medication administration routes includes detailed procedures. Safety of care provider and client during drug therapy is emphasized at all times.

Preface

xiii

Acknowledgments

SECTION 1 BASIC MATHEMATICS

(32)

Introduction and Arithmetic Pretest

(2)

Introduction

(1)

Arithmetic Pretest

(2)

Numerals and Fractions

(9)

Introduction

(1)

Arabic and Roman Numerals

(1)

Fractions

(1)

Relative Values of Fractions

(1)

Addition of Fractions

(1)

Subtraction of Fractions

(2)

The Process of Cancellation

(1)

Multiplication of Fractions

(1)

Division of Fractions

(3)

Decimal Fractions and Percents

(11)

Introduction

(1)

Understanding Decimal Fractions

(1)

Reading and Writing Decimal Fractions

(1)

Expressing a Common Fraction as a Decimal Fraction

(1)

Expressing a Decimal Fraction as a Common Fraction

(1)

Addition of Decimals

(1)

Subtraction of Decimals

(1)

Multiplication of Decimals

(1)

Division of Decimals

(3)

Percentage

(1)

Determining Quantity If a Percent Is Given

(2)

Ratio and Proportion

(5)

Introduction

(1)

Understanding Ratio

(1)

Understanding Proportion

(4)

Temperature Equivalents

(3)

Introduction

(1)

Mathematical Formulas to Convert Temperature

(1)

Using the Proportional Method to Convert Temperature

(2)

SECTION 2 CALCULATIONS OF DOSES AND SOLUTIONS

(34)

The Metric System

(7)

Introduction

(1)

Metric System Guidelines

(1)

The Language of the Metric System

(1)

Fundamental Units

(2)

Conversion

(2)

Calculating Dosage According to Kilogram of Body Weight

(2)

Household Measures and Apothecaries' Measurements

(6)

Introduction

(1)

Household Measures

(1)

Household Abbreviations and Equivalents

(1)

Proportional Method for Converting Household Measurements

(1)

Apothecaries' Measurements

(1)

Proportional Method for Converting Apothecaries' Equivalents

(2)

Calculating Adult Dosages: Oral Forms

(4)

Introduction

(1)

Calculating Oral Dosages Using the Proportional Method

(1)

Calculating Oral Dosages Using the Formula Method

(2)

Calculating Adult Dosages: Parenteral Forms

(9)

Introduction

(1)

Calculating Parenteral Dosages Using the Proportional Method

(1)

Calculating Parenteral Dosages Using the Formula Method

(1)

Medications Measured in Units

(1)

Insulin

(1)

How to Calculate Unit Dosages

(1)

Calculating Intravenous Drip Rate

(4)

Calculating Children's Dosages

(6)

Introduction

(1)

Guidelines for Administering Pediatric Medications

(1)

Calculating Dosage per Kilogram of Body Weight

(2)

Body Surface Area (BSA)

(3)

SECTION 3 ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICATIONS

(116)

Drug Sources, Standards, and Dosages

(10)

Introduction

(1)

Drugs

(1)

Sources of Drugs

(2)

Drug Legislation

(1)

Drug References/Standards

(3)

Drug Dosage

(3)

Forms of Drugs and How They Act

(11)

Introduction

(1)

Forms of Drugs

(4)

Classification of Drugs/Therapeutic Action

(1)

Principal Actions of Drugs

(3)

Undesirable Actions of Drugs

(1)

Factors That Affect Drug Action

(1)

Loss of Drug Potency

(2)

The Medication Order

(13)

Introduction

(1)

Types of Medication Orders

(1)

Medication Record Forms

(2)

The Medication Label

(6)

Time Schedule for Routine Medicines

100

(1)

Abbreviations

100

(3)

Basic Principles for the Administration of Medications

103

(18)

Introduction

103

(1)

The Nursing Process

104

(2)

Legal Implications

106

(3)

Standard Precautions

109

(1)

Safety Measures for Drug Administration

109

(3)

Safe Storage of Medications

112

(1)

Reactions to Medications

113

(3)

Medication Error

116

(5)

Administration of Nonparenteral Medications

121

(20)

Introduction

122

(1)

Oral Medications

122

(1)

Equipment and Supplies

122

(1)

Administration of Oral Medications

123

(5)

Administration of Ophthalmic Medications

128

(2)

Administration of Otic Medications

130

(1)

Administration of Nasal Medications

131

(1)

Administration of Rectal Medications

131

(4)

Special Delivery Medications

135

(1)

Administering Drugs by Inhalation

136

(1)

Administration of Oxygen

137

(1)

Methods of Oxygen Delivery

138

(1)

Oxygen Safety Precautions

139

(1)

Administering Drugs by Local Application

139

(2)

Parenteral Equipment and Supplies

141

(25)

Introduction

142

(1)

Parts of a Syringe

142

(1)

Classification of Syringes

143

(1)

Preventing Needlestick Injuries in Health Care Settings

144

(2)

Measuring Medication in a Syringe

146

(2)

Hypodermic Needles

148

(3)

Preparing Equipment and Supplies for an Injection

151

(15)

Administration of Parenteral Medications

166

(17)

Introduction

167

(1)

Advantages of the Parenteral Route

167

(1)

Disadvantages of the Parenteral Route

167

(1)

Preparing the Client for an Injection

167

(1)

Client Assessment

168

(1)

Site Selection

168

(2)

Marking the Correct Site for Intramuscular Injection

170

(3)

Basic Guidelines for the Administration of Injections

173

(7)

Special Considerations for the Administration of Insulin and Heparin

180

(2)

Injection Log

182

(1)

SECTION 4 DRUGS AND RELATED SUBSTANCES

183

(102)

Drugs Used to Counteract Infections

185

(26)

Introduction

186

(1)

Deadly Infections

187

(1)

Treatment of Infectious Diseases

188

(3)

Major Antibiotic Groupings

191

(8)

Macrolides

199

(3)

Quinolones

202

(1)

Monobactams

202

(1)

Oxazolidinones

203

(1)

Streptogramins

203

(1)

Miscellaneous Antibiotics

204

(1)

Anthelmintics

205

(1)

Antiprotozoal Agents

206

(2)

Antiseptics and Disinfectants

208

(2)

Web Activity

210

(1)

Antifungal, Antiviral, and Immunizing Agents

211

(23)

Introduction

212

(1)

Antifungal Agents

212

(2)

Antiviral Agents

214

(4)

Antiretroviral Agents

218

(2)

Immunization

220

(13)

Web Activity

233

(1)

Antineoplastic Agents

234

(11)

Introduction

235

(1)

Chemotherapy with Antineoplastic Agents

235

(1)

Care of Chemotherapy Clients

236

(2)

Classification of Antineoplastic Agents

238

(4)

Combination Chemotherapy

242

(1)

Other Forms of Treatment for Cancer

243

(1)

Web Activity

244

(1)

Vitamins and Minerals

245

(11)

Introduction

246

(1)

The Food Guide Pyramid

246

(1)

Antioxidants

247

(1)

Phytochemicals

247

(1)

Vitamins

248

(1)

Minerals

248

(7)

Web Activity

255

(1)

Psychotropic Agents

256

(17)

Introduction

256

(1)

Antianxiety Agents

257

(2)

Antidepressant Agents

259

(7)

Antimanic Agent(s)

266

(1)

Antipsychotic Agents

267

(5)

Web Activity

272

(1)

Substance Abuse

273

(12)

Introduction

273

(1)

Substances Being Abused

274

(8)

Recognizing Substance Abuse

282

(1)

Substance Abuse in the Workplace

282

(1)

Services Available

282

(2)

Web Activity

284

(1)

SECTION 5 EFFECTS OF MEDICATIONS ON BODY SYSTEMS

285

(140)

Medications Used for Circulatory System Disorders

287

(25)

Introduction

288

(1)

Women and Heart Disease

289

(1)

Drugs That Affect the Heart

290

(4)

Vasopressors and Vasodilators

294

(3)

Antihypertensive Agents

297

(2)

Drugs That Affect the Blood

299

(6)

Antianemic Agents Used in Treating Megaloblastic Anemias

305

(2)

Antihyperlipidemic Agents

307

(4)

Web Activity

311

(1)

Medications That Affect the Respiratory System

312

(19)

Introduction

313

(1)

Antihistamines

314

(1)

Decongestants

314

(3)

Antitussives

317

(1)

Expectorants and Mucolytics

318

(1)

Bronchodilators

319

(3)

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (Blockers)

322

(1)

Anticholinergic Agents

323

(1)

Glucocorticoids

323

(2)

Cromolyn Sodium

325

(1)

Tuberculosis

325

(5)

Web Activity

330

(1)

Medications Used for Gastrointestinal System Disorders

331

(14)

Introduction

332

(1)

Antiulcer Agents

332

(5)

Ulcers and Helicobacter pylori Bacteria

337

(1)

Laxatives

338

(2)

Antidiarrheal Agents

340

(1)

Antiemetics

341

(1)

Emetics

341

(3)

Web Activity

344

(1)

Diuretics and Medications Used for Urinary System Disorders

345

(14)

Introduction

346

(1)

Diuretics

346

(5)

Urinary Tract Infections (UTI): Cystitis

351

(1)

Urinary Tract Antibacterials

352

(2)

Urinary Tract Antiseptics

354

(1)

Miscellaneous Agents

355

(3)

Web Activity

358

(1)

Medications Used in Treatment of Endocrine Disorders

359

(15)

Introduction

360

(1)

The Pituitary

360

(1)

The Thyroid

361

(2)

The Parathyroids

363

(1)

The Adrenals

363

(1)

The Islets of Langerhans

364

(9)

Web Activity

373

(1)

Medications Used for Musculoskeletal System Disorders

374

(15)

Introduction

374

(1)

Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

375

(5)

Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)

380

(2)

COX-2 Inhibitors

382

(1)

Antitumor Necrosis Factor Drugs

383

(1)

Agents Used to Treat Gout

383

(1)

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

384

(1)

Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

385

(1)

Skeletal Muscle Stimulants

386

(2)

Web Activity

388

(1)

Medications That Affect the Nervous System

389

(20)

Introduction

390

(1)

Pain

390

(2)

Analgesics

392

(3)

Analgesic-Antipyretics

395

(1)

Sedatives and Hypnotics

396

(2)

Antiparkinsonian Drugs

398

(3)

Alzheimer's Disease (AD)

401

(1)

Anticonvulsants

402

(3)

Anesthetics

405

(1)

Ophthalmic Drugs

405

(2)

Drugs Used in Vertigo, Motion Sickness, and Vomiting

407

(1)

Web Activity

408

(1)

Medications That Affect the Reproductive System

409

(16)

Introduction

410

(1)

Female Hormones

410

(5)

Hormone Replacement Therapy

415

(1)

Oral Contraceptives

416

(2)

Male Hormones

418

(3)

Drugs Used During Labor and Delivery

421

(3)

Web Activity

424

(1)

Appendix Answers to Practice Problems and Self-Assessments for Sections 1 and 2

425

(6)

Glossary

431

(8)

General Index

439

(10)

Drug Index

449

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Medications and Mathematics for the Nurse

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Medications and Mathematics for the Nurse

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Supplemental Materials

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