The Mediterranean: Environment and Society

This book addresses contemporary geographical issues in the Mediterranean Basin from a perspective that recognizes the physical characteristics and cultural interactions which link the different Mediterranean states as a recognisable geographic entity. Sixteen chapters each deal with a major geographical issue currently facing the Mediterranean, each providing an invaluable summary of the extensive but widely dispersed literature relating to Mediterranean issues. Particular emphasis is placed on the interaction between society and environment in terms of environmental management, differential regional development and its associated political, demographic, cultural and economic tensions.

Russell King is Professor of Geography at the University of Sussex Lindsay Proudfoot is Reader in Historical Geography at the Queen's University of Belfast Bernard Smith is Reader in Geomorphology, at the Queen's University of Belfast

List of Contributors

xi

Preface

xiii

Acknowledgements

xv

Introduction: An Essay on Mediterraneanism

1

(11)

Russell King

Aims and scope of the book

1

(1)

Definition of the Mediterranean

2

(4)

Mediterraneanism

6

(3)

Conclusion: unity and diversity in the modern Mediterranean

9

(1)

References

10

(2)

Geological Evoluation of the Mediterranean Basin

12

(18)

Alstair Ruffell

Introduction

12

(2)

Neotectonics

14

(3)

Ophiolites

17

(2)

The Tethyan Ocean

19

(3)

Geological structure and topography

22

(1)

The Messinian Salinity Crisis

23

(3)

The economic geology of the Mediterranean

26

(2)

References

28

(2)

Mediterranean Climate

30

(15)

Allen Perry

Introduction

30

(1)

The seasonal cycle of climate

31

(2)

Climate and two major economic activities

33

(3)

Floods and droughts: the price of climatic variability

36

(1)

Local winds

36

(2)

Temperature and precipitation trends during the period of instrumental record

38

(1)

The pre-instrumental climate record

39

(1)

The future Mediterranean climate

39

(3)

Conclusions

42

(1)

References

42

(3)

Earth Surface Processes in the Mediterranean

45

(12)

Helen Rendell

Introduction

45

(1)

Desertification and land degradation

46

(1)

Mass movements

46

(3)

Processes on hillslopes

49

(4)

Channel processes

53

(1)

Aeolian processes

54

(1)

Conclusions

54

(1)

References

55

(2)

The Graeco-Roman Mediterranean

57

(18)

Lindsay Proudfoot

Greece, Hellenism and Rome: towards a geography of the Mediterranean, ca. 800BC-395AD

58

(13)

The end of Empire

71

(1)

References

72

(3)

The Mediterranean in the Medieval and Renaissance World

75

(19)

Brain Graham

Context and themes

75

(2)

Ideology, conquest and social structure

77

(6)

Economy, trade and urbanisation in the medieval Mediterranean

83

(7)

Crisis and Renaissance

90

(2)

References

92

(2)

The Ottoman Mediterranean and its Transformation, ca. 1800--1920

94

(14)

Lindsay Proudfoot

The Ottoman Mediterranean, ca. 1800

96

(4)

Trajectories of change, ca. 1800-1920

100

(6)

The end of Empire

106

(1)

References

106

(2)

Politics and Society in the Mediterranean Basin

108

(18)

Nurit Kliot

Introduction

108

(1)

The historical development of the Mediterranean

108

(2)

Mediterranean unity

110

(3)

Diversity and division in the Mediterranean region

113

(3)

Unresolved conflicts

116

(7)

Conclusions

123

(1)

References

124

(2)

Mediterranean Economies: The Dynamics of Uneven Development

126

(29)

Michael Dunford

Introduction

126

(1)

The historical roots of the contemporary economics scene

126

(2)

Geographies of development and underdevelopment

128

(1)

Differentials in human development

129

(4)

Trends in the geographical distribution of wealth

133

(1)

Agrarian change and the countryside in the non-European Mediterranean

133

(7)

Mediterranean and Middle Eastern oil

140

(4)

Oil and development

144

(6)

The modernisation of southern Europe

150

(2)

Conclusions

152

(1)

References

153

(2)

The European Union's Mediterranean Policy: From Pragmatism to Partnership

155

(9)

Alun Jones

Introduction

155

(1)

The European Union's Mediterranean policy, 1957-72

155

(2)

The emergence of a `global' Mediterranean policy after 1972

157

(2)

European Union policy towards the Mediterranean region since the mid-1980s

159

(2)

The Barcelona conference on EU policy towards the Mediterranean

161

(1)

Conclusions

162

(1)

References

163

(1)

Population Growth: An Avoidable Crisis?

164

(17)

Russell King

Introduction

164

(1)

Population in history

165

(3)

A demographic reservoir for Europe

168

(2)

Current growth patterns: the Mediterranean as a demographic frontier

170

(4)

Is migration the solution to the crisis?

174

(4)

Conclusions: population and geopolitics in the Mediterranean

178

(1)

References

179

(2)

Five Narratives for the Mediterranean City

181

(13)

Lila Leontidou

Introduction

181

(1)

Eternal and ephemeral: city-states, colonies, capital cities

182

(2)

Urbanisation without industrialisation

184

(1)

Islamic and European cityscapes: informality, religion, gender

185

(3)

Diffuse industralisation beyond the Third Italy

188

(1)

Social forces in city building and spatial regulation

189

(2)

Conclusions

191

(1)

References

192

(2)

The Modernisation of Mediterranean Agriculture

194

(14)

Jeff Pratt

Don Funnell

Introduction

194

(3)

The transformation of agriculture

197

(1)

Rural modernisation in Southern Europe

198

(4)

Rural development in the Maghreb

202

(4)

Conclusions

206

(1)

References

207

(1)

Tourims and Uneven Development in the Mediterranean

208

(19)

Allan Williams

Introduction

208

(1)

The changing map of Mediterranean tourism

209

(5)

Mass tourism: social construction and polarisation

214

(4)

Footprints in the sand: the economic, environmental and cultural impacts of mass tourism

218

(6)

Conclusions

224

(1)

References

225

(2)

Water: A Critical Resource

227

(25)

Bernard Smith

Introduction

227

(2)

Water supply

229

(4)

Demand

233

(5)

Management of freshwater resources

238

(8)

Future prospects for water resources

246

(4)

References

250

(2)

Forests, Soils and the Threat of Desertification

252

(21)

Hazel Faulkner

Alan Hill

Introduction

252

(1)

Patterns of vegetation distribution

252

(1)

Native vegetation types

253

(2)

The influence of human activity on Mediterranean vegetation: anthropogenic influences

255

(3)

Global warming and Mediterranean vegetation: climatic influences

258

(2)

Mediterranean soils

260

(3)

Mediterranean soil degradation

263

(2)

Managing erosion

265

(3)

Fire: a particular Mediterranean hazard

268

(2)

Conclusions

270

(1)

References

270

(3)

Coastal Zone Management

273

(27)

George Dardis

Bernard Smith

Introduction

273

(1)

The Mediterranean Sea

273

(2)

The Mediterranean coastal margin

275

(5)

Coastal problems in the Mediterranean

280

(6)

Managing Mediterranean coastal problems

286

(9)

The `commons' problem in the Mediterranean

295

(2)

References

297

(3)

Conclusion: From the Past to the Future of the Mediterranean

300

(6)

Lindsay Proudfoot

Bernard Smith

Mediterranean identity revisited

300

(1)

A marginal place?

301

(1)

Resource shortage and environmental stress

302

(1)

From cultural diversity to contemporary geopolitics

303

(1)

The contradictions of development

304

(1)

References

305

(1)

Index

306

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The Mediterranean: Environment and Society

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials