Mental Retardation : A Community Integration Approach

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ISBN: 9780534339234 | 0534339239
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/29/2001

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Using the goal of community integration as a coherent, unifying conceptual focus, this book presents the applied research and information that readers can use as they work with the mentally retarded. Additionally, this is a book with "heart," built on the premise that the coverage is not designed simply to appeal to readers' intellect, but to their emotional and relational experience, as well.

Preface

About the Author

xix

PART I UNDERSTANDING MENTAL RETARDATION

(142)

Building a Framework: Community Integration and Interdisciplinary Systems

(18)

Community Integration

(3)

Social Role Valorization

(2)

Conceptual Framework for this Text

(3)

A Systems Perspective

(7)

Interagency and Interdisciplinary Collaboration

(3)

Individual Efforts: Friends, Neighbors, and Peers

(2)

Looking Ahead

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

(1)

References

(3)

Theoretical Influences on Understanding Mental Retardation

(18)

Theories of Genetic Maturation: Developmental Milestones

(1)

Learning Theories

(3)

Operant Conditioning

(1)

Imitation and Modeling

(2)

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

(1)

Stage Theories

(4)

Emotional Development

(1)

Cognitive Development

(2)

Delay and Difference Theories

(1)

Dialectical Learning

(1)

Ecological Systems Theory

(2)

Looking Ahead

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

(1)

References

(4)

Origins: Historical and Cultural

(24)

Mental Retardation: A Cultural Invention

(1)

Historical and Cultural Influences

(2)

Ancient Ideas

(1)

More Recent Influences

(1)

First Educational Efforts

(2)

Institutionalization in the United States: The Beginnings

(6)

Impact of Causal Theories

(1)

Increasing Segregation

(1)

The Story of Deborah Kallikak

(2)

Involuntary Sterilization

(1)

Mental Testing

(1)

Social Control and ``Cleansing''

(3)

Humanitarian Reforms

(1)

Self-Determination: A Beginning

(1)

Political and Economic Influences

(2)

Private and Political Influence: The Kennedy Family

(1)

Legislative Milestones

(1)

Political Influences on Funding

(1)

Lobbying and Voter Support

(1)

Cyclical Change

(1)

Looking Ahead

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

(1)

References

(3)

Definition, Classification, and Prevalence

(30)

Introducing Joyce, Susan, and Jason

(3)

Joyce Elger

(1)

Susan Polaski

(1)

Jason Cunningham

(1)

Labeling

(3)

The Label Chase

(2)

Alternatives to Labeling

(1)

Incidence and Prevalence

(3)

Definitional Issues

(1)

Early Definitions and Changes

(5)

Newer Definitions

(1)

Definition of Developmental Disabilities

(1)

The 1992 AAMR Definition

(1)

Understanding the 1992 Definition

(1)

The Debate Over Adaptive Behavior

(3)

Classification and Levels of Functioning

(4)

IQ- and Ability-Based Systems

(1)

The 1992 Classification System

(1)

Rationale for Change

(1)

Debate Over Classification

(2)

Different Goals and Purposes

(1)

Applying the Definition to Joyce, Susan, and Jason

(2)

Looking Ahead

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

(1)

References

(4)

Assessment of Mental Retardation

(36)

Interdisciplinary Approach

(2)

Medical Assessment

(1)

Motor and Sensory Development

(1)

Language Milestones

(1)

Behavior

(1)

Physiological Testing

(1)

Intellectual Assessment

(15)

Reifying the Concept

(2)

Nature-Nurture

(1)

Some Widely Used IQ Tests

100

(4)

Infant and Toddler Assessment

104

(1)

Biases and Limitations of IQ Tests

105

(4)

Elements of a Useful Intellectual Assessment

109

(3)

Assessment of Adaptive Behavior

112

(4)

Interviews

112

(1)

Behavioral Observation

113

(1)

Functional Assessment

113

(2)

Quality-of-Life Assessment

115

(1)

Educational Assessment

116

(2)

Norm-Referenced Tests

116

(1)

Curriculum-Based Assessments

117

(1)

Speech and Language Assessment

118

(1)

Occupational Therapy Assessment

119

(1)

Developing the Individualized Education Program

120

(1)

Assessment for Joyce, Susan, and Jason

120

(4)

Looking Ahead

124

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

124

(1)

References

124

(5)

Characteristics of Mental Retardation

129

(14)

Basic Issues in Understanding Characteristics

130

(1)

Physical and Mental Health

131

(1)

Motivational Characteristics

131

(2)

Learning and Generalization

133

(2)

Attention

135

(1)

Memory

135

(1)

Language Abilities

136

(1)

Distinction Between Overall Mild and Severe Characteristics

137

(2)

Looking Ahead

139

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

140

(1)

References

140

(3)

PART II ETIOLOGY AND PREVENTION: THE COMMUNITY CHALLENGE

143

(80)

Genetic and Infectious Influences and Prevention

145

(26)

Genetic Transmission

147

(5)

Gene Type and Transmission

148

(1)

Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

149

(1)

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

150

(1)

X-Linked (Sex-Linked) Recessive Inheritance

150

(1)

Penetrance, Variable Expressivity, and Polygenic Inheritance

151

(1)

Examples of Genetically Transmitted Conditions

152

(3)

Tay-Sachs Disease

152

(1)

Lesch-Nyhan Disease

153

(2)

Common Chromosomal Conditions

155

(5)

Trisomy 21 and Other Trisomies

155

(1)

Down Syndrome

155

(3)

Fragile X Syndrome

158

(2)

Genetic Counseling and Prenatal Testing

160

(4)

Prenatal Intervention

161

(1)

Hydrocephalus

162

(1)

Ethics and Implications

162

(1)

Adjusting to New Expectations

163

(1)

The Future of Genetic Research

164

(4)

The Human Genome Project

164

(1)

Genetic Manipulations

165

(1)

Ethical Considerations

166

(2)

Looking Ahead

168

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

168

(1)

References

168

(3)

Biological and Psychosocial Influences and Prevention

171

(24)

Some Psychosocial Influences

172

(16)

Environmental Toxins

172

(1)

Infant Mortality and Morbidity Rates

173

(1)

Prenatal Care

173

(2)

Maternal Health and Nutrition

175

(1)

Prematurity and Low Birth Weight

175

(2)

Adolescent Pregnancy

177

(3)

Teratogens

180

(6)

Accidents

186

(1)

Child Abuse and Neglect

187

(1)

Cultural Implications and Public Policy

188

(2)

Looking Ahead

190

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

190

(1)

References

190

(5)

Related Developmental Disabilities

195

(28)

Autism

196

(7)

Etiology

199

(2)

Treatment

201

(2)

Cerebral Palsy

203

(4)

Etiology

203

(1)

Treatment

204

(3)

Seizure Disorders

207

(3)

Etiology

209

(1)

Treatment

209

(1)

Behavior Disorders

210

(6)

Self-Injurious Behavior

210

(1)

Treatment

211

(1)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

211

(5)

Looking Ahead

216

(2)

InfoTrac College Edition

218

(1)

References

218

(5)

PART III LEARNING WITHIN THE COMMUNITY: DEVELOPING SKILLS AND ABILITIES

223

(98)

Early Intervention

225

(36)

Rationale for Early Intervention

226

(1)

Functions of Early Intervention

227

(1)

Eligibility for Early Intervention

227

(1)

Some Types of Early Intervention Programs

228

(1)

Effectiveness of Early Intervention

229

(4)

More Early Examples

232

(1)

Carolina Abecedarian Project

232

(1)

Program Evaluation

233

(1)

The Role of Values in Designing Interventions

234

(1)

Research and Policy Collaboration

235

(9)

Head Start: An Example of Collaboration Among Research, Practice, and Policy

236

(2)

PL 105-17 and IDEA---Part C

238

(2)

Coordination of Services

240

(4)

Challenges in Implementation

244

(6)

Parental Involvement

244

(2)

Family-Centered Focus

246

(2)

Identifying Infants with Disabilities

248

(1)

Identifying Infants at Risk

248

(2)

Program Content

250

(1)

Early Intervention---Jason's Experience

251

(5)

Looking Ahead

256

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

256

(1)

References

256

(5)

Behavioral and Cognitive Intervention

261

(30)

Basic Principles of Applied Behavior Analysis

262

(1)

Collecting Observational Data

263

(2)

Finding the Right Reinforcer

265

(1)

Reinforcing Multistep Tasks

265

(6)

Task Analysis

265

(1)

Prompting

266

(1)

Shaping

266

(2)

Chaining

268

(1)

Token Economies

269

(1)

Contracts

270

(1)

More Techniques for Problem Behaviors

271

(1)

Extinction

271

(1)

Strategies of Differential Reinforcement

272

(3)

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors

272

(1)

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative or Incompatible Behaviors

273

(1)

Differential Reinforcement of Lower Rates of Behavior

273

(2)

Variables that Influence the Effectiveness of Reinforcement

275

(2)

Setting Events

275

(2)

Punishment

277

(2)

Objections and Alternatives to Aversive Stimuli

279

(1)

Gentle Teaching

280

(3)

Cognitive Techniques

283

(4)

Making Choices

283

(1)

Self-Management

284

(1)

Imagery Procedures

284

(3)

The Importance of Motivational Characteristics

287

(1)

Looking Ahead

287

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

287

(1)

References

288

(3)

Educational Issues

291

(30)

School Placement Options

292

(6)

Inclusion: The Philosophical Ideal

293

(1)

Dissatisfaction with Special Education

294

(2)

Inclusion in Actual Practice

296

(2)

Steps Toward Successful Inclusion

298

(4)

Teacher and Student Attitudes

299

(1)

Knowledge and Skills

300

(1)

Emotional and Material Support

301

(1)

Instructional Methods for Meeting the Needs of Diverse Populations

302

(7)

Peer Tutoring

304

(1)

Cooperative Learning

304

(1)

Computer-Aided Instruction

305

(2)

Interdisciplinary Practice

307

(1)

Direct Instruction Techniques

307

(1)

Education Through the Arts

308

(1)

Incorporating Multiple Approaches

309

(1)

Transition

309

(3)

Interagency Collaboration

310

(1)

The Dilemma of At-Risk and Unlabeled Youth

311

(1)

Self-Determination

312

(1)

Career Education

312

(4)

Occupational Guidance and Preparation

313

(1)

Social Skills

314

(1)

Independent Living Skills

315

(1)

Community-Based Instruction

316

(1)

Looking Ahead

316

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

317

(1)

References

317

(4)

PART IV COMMUNITY LIFE: ROLES, RIGHTS, AND RESPONSIBILITIES

321

(104)

Family

323

(30)

Who Are Families?

324

(1)

Adjustment

325

(2)

Initial Reactions

325

(2)

Decisions for Adoption or Out-of-Home Placement

327

(4)

Out-of-Home Placement

328

(1)

Adaptation: Dealing with Stress

329

(2)

Unique Reactions of Fathers

331

(1)

Siblings

332

(3)

Families Speak for Themselves

335

(3)

Informal and Formal Supports

338

(4)

Grandparents, Other Relatives, and Neighbors

339

(1)

Respite Care

339

(2)

Collaboration Among Families and Professionals

341

(1)

Communication

342

(1)

Family Empowerment

342

(6)

Multicultural Family Diversity

343

(3)

Aging Parents

346

(2)

Looking Ahead

348

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

348

(1)

References

348

(5)

Adult Living and Work

353

(32)

Residential Options

354

(1)

Community Integration and Deinstitutionalization

354

(4)

Private Residential Treatment Schools

358

(1)

Community Living

358

(4)

Community Acceptance

359

(1)

Community ``Institutionalization''

360

(1)

Intermediate Care Facilities (ICF/MR) and the Home and Community-Based Services (HCB) Waiver Program

361

(1)

Factors in Successful Community Adjustment

362

(4)

Definition of Adjustment

362

(1)

Adjustment Outcomes

363

(1)

Independent (Supported) Living

364

(2)

Work

366

(2)

Sheltered Workshops

366

(1)

Community Employment

367

(1)

Training and Support

368

(10)

Supported Employment

371

(2)

Indirect Services

373

(2)

Community Attitudes

375

(1)

Transitional Training

376

(2)

Issues in Aging

378

(1)

Looking Ahead

379

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

380

(1)

References

380

(5)

Social Life and Recreation

385

(28)

Developing Friendships

386

(14)

Attitudes, Behaviors, and Skills

388

(2)

Education in Social Skills

390

(3)

Recreational and Leisure Opportunities for Friendship

393

(7)

Sexuality and Sex Education

400

(6)

Attitudes Toward Sexuality in People with MR

400

(6)

Elements of Effective Sex Education

406

(1)

Marriage and Parenting

406

(1)

Looking Ahead

407

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

408

(1)

References

408

(5)

Vision, Progress, and Advocacy

413

(12)

Voices in Discourse

414

(3)

Self-Advocacy

415

(2)

Progress and Remaining Challenges

417

(3)

Changes in Professional Preparation

420

(1)

Additional Considerations

420

(1)

Attitudes and Community Integration

421

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition

422

(1)

References

423

(2)

Glossary

425

(10)

Index

435

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Mental Retardation : A Community Integration Approach

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Table of Contents

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Mental Retardation : A Community Integration Approach

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