Mergers and Acquisitions
, by Bainbridge, Stephen M.- ISBN: 9781599413648 | 1599413647
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 10/29/2008
Preface | p. iii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
The Corporation | p. 2 |
Some Fundamental Distinctions | p. 2 |
Sources of Corporation Law | p. 4 |
State Corporate Law | p. 4 |
Federal Law | p. 7 |
The Boundary Between State and Federal Law | p. 10 |
Separation of Ownership and Control | p. 10 |
Some Key Terminology | p. 12 |
The Lawyer's Role | p. 13 |
A Preliminary Overview of Acquisition Mechanics | p. 15 |
The Merger | p. 16 |
The Sale of All or Substantially All Assets | p. 18 |
The Tender Offer | p. 18 |
Negotiated or Open Market Purchases | p. 22 |
The Proxy Contest | p. 23 |
Glossary of Takeover Terminology | p. 23 |
The Business Context of M & A Transactions | p. 28 |
Introduction | p. 28 |
The Principal-Agent Problem | p. 28 |
The Economics of Securities Markets | p. 30 |
Efficient Capital Markets | p. 30 |
Portfolio Theory | p. 34 |
Putting the Tools to Work: Takeover Motives and Wealth Effects | p. 38 |
The Urge to Merge: Various Motives for Takeovers | p. 38 |
Creating Value by Displacing Inefficient Managers | p. 38 |
Strategic Acquisitions | p. 41 |
Do Takeovers Create New Wealth? | p. 43 |
Target v. Acquirer Shareholders | p. 43 |
Investors v. Nonshareholder Constituencies | p. 44 |
The Downward Sloping Demand Curve Hypothesis | p. 47 |
Mergers, Asset Sales and Other Statutory Acquisitions | p. 49 |
The Merger | p. 49 |
The Sale of All or Substantially All Corporate Assets | p. 51 |
Choosing Between a Merger and an Asset Sale | p. 54 |
Triangular Transactions | p. 55 |
Deciding to Merge | p. 56 |
The Role of the Board of Directors | p. 56 |
The Necessity of Process Due Care when Deciding to Merge | p. 62 |
Disclosure of Merger Negotiations | p. 69 |
The Acquisition Agreement | p. 70 |
The Letter of Intent | p. 70 |
The Acquisition Agreement | p. 71 |
Due Diligence | p. 74 |
Ensuring Exclusivity | p. 76 |
Exclusive Merger Agreements | p. 76 |
Lockups | p. 85 |
The Appraisal Remedy | p. 86 |
Mechanics | p. 87 |
Availability of Appraisal | p. 87 |
Eligibility for Appraisal | p. 88 |
Exclusivity of Appraisal | p. 88 |
Valuation in Appraisal Proceedings | p. 88 |
Valuation Basics: The Time Value of Money and Discounting to Present Value | p. 89 |
Valuation Methods Based on the Present Value of Future Dividends | p. 90 |
The Delaware Block Method | p. 92 |
Weinberger and its Discounted Cash Flow Progeny | p. 94 |
Elements of Value Arising from the Merger | p. 97 |
Marketability and Minority Discounts | p. 98 |
De Facto Mergers | p. 100 |
Freeze-out Mergers, Sales of Control, and Similar Controlling Shareholder Transactions | p. 103 |
Identifying Controlling Shareholders | p. 104 |
The Background: Parent-Subsidiary Transactions | p. 105 |
Sales of Control | p. 108 |
The General Rule | p. 109 |
Sale to a Looter | p. 109 |
Sale of Office | p. 110 |
Usurping a Corporate Opportunity | p. 111 |
Building a Better Approach to Sales of Control | p. 113 |
Refusals to Sell | p. 114 |
Freeze-Out Mergers | p. 117 |
The Business Context: Why Freeze-Out the Minority? | p. 118 |
The Business Purpose Test | p. 120 |
Freeze-Outs and Fairness | p. 121 |
Freeze-Outs, Fiduciary Duties, and Appraisal | p. 123 |
Effect of Shareholder Ratification | p. 126 |
Conducting the Sale | p. 126 |
Proxy Contests | p. 129 |
Shareholder Voting: State Law | p. 129 |
Overview | p. 129 |
Notice, Quorum, and Votes Required | p. 130 |
Election of Directors | p. 131 |
Cumulative Voting | p. 131 |
Classified Boards | p. 133 |
Shareholder Inspection Rights | p. 134 |
Federal Regulation of Proxies | p. 137 |
Origins | p. 137 |
The Regulatory Framework | p. 138 |
What is a Solicitation of Proxies? | p. 138 |
The Proxy Rules | p. 141 |
Proxy Contests | p. 145 |
Reimbursement of Expenses | p. 145 |
Shareholder Apathy and Related Problems | p. 146 |
The Proxy Contest's (Slight) Resurgence | p. 147 |
Proxy Litigation | p. 148 |
The Implied Private Right of Action | p. 148 |
Key Elements of the Proxy Cause of Action | p. 152 |
Tender Offers | p. 158 |
The Forms of Nonstatutory Acquisitions | p. 158 |
Share Purchases v. Tender Offers | p. 158 |
Tender Offers v. Proxy Contests | p. 159 |
A Brief History of Federal Regulation of Tender Offers | p. 161 |
Beachhead Acquisitions | p. 162 |
The Obligation to Disclose | p. 162 |
The Content of a Schedule 13d Disclosure Statement | p. 165 |
Section 13(d) Litigation | p. 166 |
Tender Offer Disclosure and Procedural Rules | p. 169 |
Definition of Tender Offer | p. 170 |
Commencement of a Tender Offer | p. 172 |
Content of Required Disclosure | p. 173 |
Procedural Rules | p. 176 |
Target Obligations | p. 176 |
Tender Offer Litigation | p. 179 |
Insider Trading and Tender Offers | p. 184 |
Rule 14e-3 | p. 186 |
Misappropriation | p. 187 |
Origins | p. 187 |
O'Hagan and Bryan: The Misappropriation Theory is Called into Question | p. 189 |
O'Hagan | p. 190 |
Target Defenses Against Hostile Takeover Bids | p. 192 |
Takeover Defenses: The Arsenal | p. 192 |
Shark Repellents | p. 192 |
Classified Boards | p. 192 |
Supermajority Vote Requirements | p. 194 |
The Fair Price Variant | p. 195 |
Supermajority and Fair Price Provisions in Action | p. 195 |
Poison Pills | p. 196 |
First Generation Pills | p. 196 |
Second Generation Pills | p. 198 |
Redemption Provisions | p. 199 |
Variants on the Second Generation Pill | p. 200 |
The Third Generation: Dead Hand and No Hand Pills | p. 201 |
Dual Class Stock | p. 202 |
Other Defenses | p. 205 |
Pre-offer Planning | p. 205 |
Early Warning Systems | p. 206 |
Defensive Acquisitions | p. 206 |
Stock Repurchases | p. 206 |
Lock-ups | p. 207 |
Takeover Defenses and the Target Board's Fiduciary Duties | p. 208 |
Cheff v. Mathes: Delaware's First Try | p. 209 |
Unocal | p. 211 |
Revlon | p. 214 |
Evolution: The Pivotal Paramount Cases | p. 216 |
Unitrin | p. 234 |
Unocal and Poison Pills | p. 234 |
Unocal and Deal Protection Devices | p. 237 |
Unocal and Shareholder Disenfranchisement | p. 241 |
Consideration of Nonshareholder Constituency Interests | p. 242 |
Delaware Case Law | p. 243 |
A Note on the ALI Principles' Approach | p. 245 |
Nonshareholder Constituency Statutes | p. 245 |
State Anti-Takeover Legislation | p. 252 |
The First Generation and MITE | p. 252 |
Preemption Standards | p. 252 |
Did the Williams Act Preempt the IBTA? | p. 253 |
The Second Generation and CTS | p. 256 |
The Second Generation Statutes | p. 256 |
Powell's CTS Opinion | p. 258 |
Interpreting CTS | p. 260 |
A Meaningful Opportunity for Success | p. 260 |
Amanda Acquisition | p. 262 |
Commerce Clause Issues | p. 263 |
The Third Generation | p. 264 |
Table of Cases | p. 271 |
Index | p. 279 |
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