Mesocrystals and Nonclassical Crystallization

, by Cöelfen, Helmut; Antonietti, Markus

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ISBN: 9780470029817 | 0470029811
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/28/2008

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Through both explanation and discussion, this title presents a complete review into mesocrystals, and accurately describes this relatively new study of established materials. This book also provides an introduction to other areas of crystallisation including self-assembly, classical crystallisation and colloidal crystals.Key features: Description of crystals as well as their formation processes and ways to modify them. Examines new ways towards the design of new materials and aids comprehension of the building principles of biominerals. Helps to explain many unusual observations made in the study of crystallisation.Written by the professionals in this subject 'Mesocrystals: New Self-Assembled Structures' outlines the future potential of this topic within a variety of disciplines including engineering science, physics and chemistry, making it a versatile and valuable text.

Preface	p. ix
Mesocrystals and Nonclassical Crystallization	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
References	p. 6
Physico-Chemical Principles of Crystallization	p. 7
Classical Crystallization	p. 7
Definition of a Crystal and Crystal Growth	p. 9
Nucleation Theories	p. 15
Classical Nucleation Theory	p. 15
Experimental Tests of Nucleation Theories	p. 19
Some Points towards a More Realistic View of Supersaturation and Crystallization	p. 19
Concentration Fluctuations and 'Spinodal Crystallization'	p. 19
Reduction of Supersaturation by the Formation of Clusters and Amorphous Intermediates	p. 21
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Crystallization Pathways	p. 22
Polymorph Control	p. 25
Crystal Morphology and the Role of Additives and Selective Adsorption	p. 28
Crystal Morphology	p. 30
What Determines Adsorption of an Additive?	p. 36
Properties of Single Crystals and Polycrystals	p. 39
Electrical Polarization	p. 39
Light Refraction and Birefringence	p. 43
Mechanical Properties	p. 44
References	p. 47
Examples of Crystals Challenging the Classical Textbook Mechanism	p. 51
Some Biomineral Examples	p. 51
Elongated Magnetite Nanocrystals in Magnetotactic Bacteria	p. 52
Calcite with Complex Form and Single Crystal Behavior in Foraminifera	p. 53
Calcite with Complex Form and Single Crystal Behavior in Sea Urchin Spines	p. 56
Calcite Single Crystals with Complex Form in Coccoliths	p. 57
Morphological Complexity Develops with Time	p. 58
From Biology to Biomimetics: In Vitro Mineralization Examples	p. 59
Biomorphs	p. 68
Other Synthetic Examples	p. 69
References	p. 71
Nonclassical Crystallization	p. 73
Amorphous Precursors	p. 75
Liquid Precursors	p. 78
Oriented Attachment	p. 83
Mesocrystals	p. 96
References	p. 98
Self-Assembly and Self-Organization	p. 103
References	p. 106
Colloidal Crystals with Spherical Units: Opals and Colloidal Nanocrystals	p. 107
References	p. 111
Mesocrystal Systems	p. 113
Mesocrystals and Their Properties	p. 113
Early Reports on Mesocrystals	p. 114
One-Dimensional Mesocrystals	p. 117
Two-Dimensional Mesocrystals	p. 118
Mesocrystals in Biomineralization	p. 122
Mesocrystals in Gels	p. 129
Mesocrystals Formed without Additives	p. 135
Mesocrystals Formed with Simple Ion Additives	p. 138
Mesocrystals Formed with Polymer Additives	p. 142
Mesocrystals in Nonaqueous Systems	p. 152
Mesocrystals Formed via Solid-State Reactions	p. 157
Solid Matrices for Mesocrystal Formation	p. 157
Topotactic Reactions	p. 159
Liquid Crystals, Tactoids, Somatoids, and Schiller Layers	p. 163
References	p. 173
Mechanisms of Mesocrystal Formation	p. 179
Principal Mechanisms Leading to Mesocrystals	p. 179
Conditions for Mesocrystal Formation	p. 186
Alignment by Colloidal Forces, Capillarity and Other Short-Ranged Physical Fields	p. 190
Alignment by Capillary Forces	p. 190
Alignment by Hydrophobic Forces and Interface Energies	p. 192
Alignment by Minimization of the Interfacial Energy	p. 192
Alignment by Additive Coding of Nanoparticles	p. 194
Alignment by a Mechanical Stress Field	p. 196
The Role of Magnetic Fields	p. 198
The Role of Dipole and Polarization Forces	p. 204
Polarization Forces	p. 204
The Role of External Electric Fields	p. 219
Self-Similar Assembly and Shape Constraints	p. 222
Shaping of Mesocrystals	p. 226
Mesocrystals as Intermediates in Single Crystal Formation	p. 228
References	p. 233
Analysis of Mesocrystals	p. 237
Nucleation and Growth of Primary Nanoparticles	p. 238
Rapid Aggregation and Formation of Randomly Oriented Aggregates	p. 239
Mesocrystal Formation	p. 239
Fusion of the Mesocrystal to a Single Crystal/Ripening and Ion-Mediated Recrystallization Towards an Outer Single Crystalline Shell	p. 240
Analytical Techniques for Mesocrystals	p. 241
References	p. 244
Tuning of Properties	p. 247
References	p. 249
A Unifying Crystallization Mechanism	p. 251
References	p. 255
Analogy between Oriented Attachment or Hierarchically Structured Crystals and Polymers	p. 257
Analogy between Oriented Attachment and Polymerization	p. 259
Structural Levels in Hierarchically Structured Crystals and Biopolymers	p. 263
References	p. 264
Summary and Outlook	p. 265
Summary	p. 265
Outlook	p. 267
References	p. 270
Index	p. 271
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Mesocrystals and Nonclassical Crystallization

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