Metals and the Royal Society

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ISBN: 9781861250285 | 1861250282
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/1/1999

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In this book two distinguished metallurgists have traced the role of metallurgical technology in the creation of the scientific revolution and the formation of the Royal Society. These contributions have been described in a series of thematic chapters on such topics as minting of coinage, platinum metallurgy and metallurgy and the electrical age and atomic science. Brief biographies are given of the Fellows and Foreign Members mentioned in the text.

Foreword

The Royal Society

Acknowledgements

xvii

Acknowledgements for Illustrations

xix

Metals and the Origins of the Royal Society

(14)

Introduction

(1)

Man's use of metals

(1)

Some early sources concerning the beginning of metallurgy

(2)

Metallurgy in the 16th and 17th centuries

(1)

The birth of chemistry

(1)

The scientific revolution -- other factors

(1)

Instruments and the practical arts

(1)

Role of classical and medieval science

(2)

English puritanism and the scientific revolution

(1)

Scientific letters -- the role of the intelligencers

(2)

The formation and growth of the Royal Society

(4)

Metals and the Early Period of the Royal Society

(32)

Introduction

(1)

Alchemy's influence on science

(1)

Chemistry and metallurgy

(6)

Microscopy

(3)

Temperature measurement

(1)

Physical and mechanical properties

(5)

Makers of precision instruments

(3)

Non-ferrous metals and alloys

(5)

Ferrous metallurgy -- production, treatment and properties

(5)

Metallurgy and the Industrial Revolution

(4)

Chemistry, Metallurgy and Materials Processing

(12)

Introduction

(1)

Contributions of chemists to metallurgy

(7)

Non-metallic high temperature processing -- glasses, cements, ceramics

(5)

Precious Metals -- the Platinum Group

(14)

Introduction

(1)

Production and processing - early developments

(4)

Percival Johnson and George Matthey

(5)

Applications and other developments

(4)

Minting of Coinage

(6)

Introduction

(1)

Metallurgy and mints

(6)

Non-Ferrous Extraction Metallurgy

(12)

Introduction

(1)

Aluminium

(1)

Nickel

(1)

Copper and zinc

(3)

Gold and silver

(2)

Less common metals

(1)

Electric furnace technology

(3)

Iron and Steel Production

(20)

Introduction

(1)

Ironmaking in the 19th century

(4)

Steelmaking in the 19th century

(8)

Ironmaking and steelmaking in the 20th century

103

(8)

Metallurgy and the Electrical Age

111

(38)

Introduction

111

(1)

Early discoveries in magnetism and electricity

111

(4)

The Electrical Age

115

(1)

Batteries and their development

116

(4)

Electrometallurgical processing

120

(4)

Faraday and the evolution of electric light

124

(3)

Lighthouses

127

(1)

Self excitation

127

(1)

Electrical materials

128

(4)

The development of the incandescent lamp

132

(5)

Charles Parsons and the steam turbine

137

(2)

Alternatives to the carbon-filament lamp

139

(3)

Britains international position

142

(1)

The Royal Society and electrical legislation

143

(6)

Engineers and Their Metallic Materials

149

(18)

Introduction

149

(1)

Metallurgy and 19th century engineering construction

149

(15)

Mechanical testing equipment

164

(3)

The Emergence of Physical Metallurgy

167

(12)

Introduction

167

(1)

Metallography and physical metallurgy

167

(7)

Pyrometry and thermal analysis

174

(3)

The development of physical metallurgy in the 20th century

177

(2)

Physical and Chemical Properties of Metals and Alloys

179

(36)

Introduction

179

(1)

What is a metal?

179

(4)

Bonding of elements

183

(2)

The metallic bond and metallic properties

185

(4)

Alloy development -- up to the mid 20th century

189

(6)

Electrical and magnetic properties

195

(12)

Thermal and other properties

207

(2)

Diffusion

209

(1)

Properties at high pressures

210

(1)

Surface properties

211

(4)

Advances in Techniques for the Study of Materials' Structures

215

(20)

Introduction

215

(1)

Crystallography

215

(1)

X-ray diffraction

216

(10)

Electron diffraction

226

(2)

Electron microscopy and other developments in microscopy

228

(7)

Fundamentals of Elastic and Plastic Deformation

235

(20)

Introduction

235

(1)

Elastic behaviour

235

(5)

Plastic deformation

240

(8)

Dislocations

248

(4)

The role of contemporary Fellows of the Royal Society

252

(3)

Metallurgical Challenges of Engineering Applications

255

(32)

Introduction

255

(1)

Creep deformation at high temperatures

256

(4)

Fatigue and fracture

260

(13)

Corrosion, oxidation and wear

273

(10)

Nickel-based superalloys and other alloys for aircraft gas turbine engines

283

(4)

Processing for Engineering Applications

287

(16)

Introduction

287

(1)

Melting and casting technology

287

(5)

Armament production

292

(4)

Ingot production and mechanical working

296

(3)

Joining

299

(2)

Powder metallurgy

301

(2)

Alloy Structure and Constitution

303

(16)

Introduction

303

(1)

Phase equilibria and phase diagrams

303

(6)

Phase transformations and the heat treatment of steels

309

(2)

Advances in fundamental understanding of metallic materials in the 20th century

311

(8)

Non-Metallic Materials and the Royal Society

319

(12)

Introduction

319

(2)

Semiconductors, liquid crystals and solid-state science

321

(2)

Ceramics and solid-state science

323

(3)

Carbon

326

(1)

Polymers and rubbers

326

(3)

Composites

329

(1)

Retrospect and Prospect

329

(2)

Metals and the Atomic Age

331

(60)

Introduction

331

(1)

The Atomic Century

331

(13)

The Manhattan Project

344

(3)

Metallurgy and the British post-war atom programme

347

(9)

Harwell's Metallurgy Division

356

(9)

Harwell's Physics Division

365

(3)

Three FRSs and the evolution of the Magnox fuel element

368

(2)

The Berkeley Nuclear Laboratories

370

(3)

The move to AGRs -- technical aspects

373

(1)

Choice of reactor system -- the big mistake

374

(3)

Walter Marshall and the PWR

377

(3)

The Royal Society and privatisation

380

(4)

Nuclear waste

384

(2)

Reprocessing and the plutonium `mountain'

386

(5)

The Royal Society and the Industrial Revolutions

391

(38)

Introduction

391

(2)

Scientific Academies in the 18th century

393

(4)

The 19th century

397

(4)

Summing up the 19th century

401

(3)

Britain's electrical industry to 1914

404

(1)

Britain's steel industry to 1914

405

(2)

Britain's failures during the Second Industrial Revolution

407

(1)

The Royal Society and education for industrial decline

408

(2)

Three reforming FRSs

410

(2)

`The sciences are never at war'

412

(1)

Scientific advice to the Armed Forces

413

(1)

The Royal Society and the First World War

414

(2)

The interwar period

416

(1)

Britain's industries and the Second World War

417

(2)

Some causes of Britain's industrial decline

419

(1)

Creativity, the Royal Society and the Second World War

420

(4)

From the Second World War to the present

424

(5)

Biographies of Fellows and Foreign Members

429

(266)

Appendix 1: Some Aspects of the History of Metallurgical Education of University Rank in Great Britain, Relating to Fellows of the Royal Society (Up to mid-20th century)

695

(4)

Appendix 2: Royal Society Awards

699

(12)

Appendix 3: Bakerian Lectures

711

(4)

Appendix 4: Nobel Prize Winners (Fellows and Foreign Members referred to in the Biographies Section)

715

(2)

Appendix 5: Fellows of the Royal Society -- Presidents of British Institutes of Metallurgy and Materials

717

(2)

Appendix 6: Fellows and Foreign Members of the Royal Society -- Recipients of Premier Awards of British Institutes of Metallurgy and Materials

719

(4)

Appendix 7: Fellows and Foreign Members of the Royal Society (referred to in the Biographies Section) Chronological List of Election Dates

723

(8)

Appendix 8: Bibliography

731

(12)

Name Index

743

(20)

Academic and Industrial Index

763

(16)

Subject Index

779

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Metals and the Royal Society

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