Methods and Applications of Statistics in the Atmospheric and Earth Sciences

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ISBN: 9780470503447 | 0470503440
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/19/2012

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Inspired by the Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Second Edition ( ESS-2e), this volume presents a concise, well-rounded focus on the statistical concepts and applications that are essential for understanding gathered data in the earth and atmospheric sciences. The book successfully upholds the goals of ESS-2e by combining, in a comprehensive and approachable format, both previously-published and newly-developed contributions written by over 100 leading academics, researchers, and practitioners in these fields. The result is a succinct reference that unveils modern, cutting-edge approaches to the acquistion and analysis of data across diverse subject areas including geology, agriculture, animal science, geophysics, biogrography, and ornithology. In addition, techniques related to survey methodology, computational statistics, and operations research are discussed, where applicable. Newly-covered areas of interest include non-linear weather forecasting, construction geological surveys, assessment of water pollution, and spatio-temporal processes and applications to earth sciences.

Preface	p. v
Contributors	p. vii
Adaptive Sampling	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Adaptive Cluster Sampling	p. 1
Applications and Extensions	p. 2
Unbiased Estimation	p. 4
Adaptive Allocation	p. 5
Rao-Blackwell Modification	p. 5
Relative Efficiency	p. 6
References	p. 6
Agricultural Surveys	p. 8
Before Probability Sampling	p. 9
The Twentieth Century after Probability Sampling	p. 11
Use of Satellite Imagery and Data in Agricultural Statistics	p. 17
The Future	p. 18
References	p. 18
Allometry	p. 20
Introduction	p. 20
Statistical Methods for Estimating a Straight Line	p. 22
Statistical Teste	p. 23
Multivariate Allometry	p. 24
References	p. 26
Atmospheric Statistics	p. 27
Statistics in Weather Prediction	p. 27
Statistics in Stratospheric Ozone Depiction	p. 29
Statistics in Global Warming	p. 30
Future Directions	p. 32
References	p. 33
Capture-Recapture Methods-I	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
Closed Population: Single Recapture	p. 35
Closed Population: Multiple Recaptures	p. 37
Open Population: Multiple Recaptures	p. 39
References	p. 41
Capture-Recapture Methods-II	p. 43
Introduction	p. 43
Two Samples	p. 43
Closed Populations, More Samples	p. 44
Heterogeneity	p. 45
Open-Population Models	p. 45
References	p. 46
Cluster Sampling	p. 50
References	p. 52
Distance Sampling	p. 53
Introduction	p. 53
Detection Function	p. 54
Assumptions	p. 55
Basis for Point Estimation of Density	p. 55
Additional Statistical Considerations	p. 56
Variance of D	p. 57
Some Perspectives	p. 58
References	p. 58
Ecological Statistics	p. 59
Sampling Procedures	p. 59
Survey Removal and Capture-Recapture Sampling	p. 62
Statistical Analyses of Community Structure	p. 63
References	p. 65
Environmental Statistics	p. 67
Introduction	p. 67
Environmental Data	p. 67
Graphical Methods	p. 69
Model-Building	p. 70
Observational Data	p. 71
Summary	p. 73
References	p. 73
Further Reading	p. 74
Estimation of Species Richness and Shared Species Richness	p. 76
Introduction	p. 76
Traditional Curve-Fitting Approaches	p. 77
Sampling-Theory-Based Approaches	p. 78
Species Richness Estimation (Abundance Data)	p. 80
Species Richness Estimation (Incidence Data)	p. 89
Rarefaction and Extrapolation (Abundance Data)	p. 94
Rarefaction and Extrapolation (Incidence Data)	p. 99
Shared Species Richness Estimation (Abundance Data)	p. 102
Shared Species Richness Estimation (Incidence Data)	p. 105
Applications	p. 106
Software	p. 106
References	p. 107
Geographic Information Systems	p. 112
References	p. 120
Geostatistics	p. 121
Origins and Definition	p. 121
Linear Geostatistics	p. 121
Multivariate Geostatistics	p. 125
Nonstationary Geostatistics	p. 125
Nonlinear Geostatistics	p. 127
Geostatistical Simulation	p. 127
References	p. 127
Landsat Data Analysis in Crop Area Estimation	p. 130
Introduction	p. 130
Gaussian Classification	p. 132
Estimation without Satellite Data	p. 132
Estimation with Satellite Data	p. 133
Simple Adjusted Pixel Count Estimator	p. 134
Estimation with Cloud Cover or in the Absence of an Acceptable Classification	p. 135
Unweighted Proration	p. 136
Weighted Proration	p. 137
Summary	p. 138
References	p. 138
Latin Hypercube Sampling	p. 140
Introduction	p. 140
Description	p. 140
Random Sampling and LHS	p. 141
Transforming Models to Linearity	p. 143
Estimate of the Variance of the Mean of a Function	p. 144
References	p. 144
Line Intercept Sampling	p. 146
Introduction	p. 146
References	p. 147
Line Transect Sampling	p. 148
Introduction	p. 148
References	p. 149
Methods for Drought Analysis and Forecasting	p. 150
Introduction	p. 150
Drought Identification and Characterization	p. 152
Probabilistic Characterization of Drought	p. 159
Regional Drought Analysis	p. 168
Drought Forecasting	p. 174
References	p. 177
Ranked Set Sampling Methodology for Environmental Data	p. 185
Motivation	p. 185
Method of Ranked Set Sampling	p. 187
Applications/Success Stories	p. 194
References	p. 208
Spatial Data Analysis	p. 212
Spatial Series	p. 212
Smoothing and Interpolation	p. 213
Point Patterns	p. 213
Image Analysis	p. 214
References	p. 215
Spatial Processes	p. 216
Introduction	p. 216
Stationarity	p. 217
Analysis of Trends	p. 217
Tests for Spatial Autocorrelation	p. 218
Models in the Spatial Domain	p. 219
Analysis of Field Trials	p. 220
Spatial Time Series	p. 220
References	p. 221
Spatial Sampling	p. 223
References	p. 227
Statistics in Agriculture	p. 228
History	p. 228
Present Position	p. 229
Methods of Experimental Design and Analysis	p. 229
Application Areas	p. 231
References	p. 231
Statistics in Animal Science	p. 232
Introduction and History	p. 232
Design of Experiments	p. 232
Estimation of Animal Numbers or Density	p. 234
Summary	p. 236
References	p. 237
Statistics in Biogeography	p. 239
Mapping Geographical Range	p. 239
Atlas Method	p. 239
Modeling Geographical Range	p. 240
Predicting Geographical Range	p. 241
Geographical Variation of Abundance and Commonness	p. 242
Spatio-Temporal Modeling	p. 244
Other Topics	p. 244
References	p. 244
Statistics in Fisheries Research	p. 246
Introduction	p. 246
References	p. 250
Statistics in Forestry	p. 251
Forest Inventory	p. 2^1
Spatial Structure of Forests	p. 253
Modeling Individual Tree Characteristics	p. 253
Quantifying Forest Stands	p. 259
Statistically Designed Experiments in Forestry	p. 262
References	p. 263
Statistics in Geography	p. 266
Introduction	p. 266
Spatial Probability Models	p. 266
Interpolation and Smoothing of Geographic Patterns	p. 267
Multivariate Analysis of Geographic Data	p. 270
References	p. 271
Statistics in Geology	p. 272
Introduction	p. 272
Data Banks	p. 273
Stochastic Models	p. 273
Data Analysis	p. 274
References	p. 274
Statistics in Geophysics	p. 276
Introduction	p. 276
Large Data Sets	p. 277
General Geophysical Texts	p. 278
Overview of Geophysics	p. 278
References	p. 284
Statistics in Ornithology	p. 292
Introduction	p. 292
Censuses	p. 292
Reproduction	p. 294
Survival	p. 294
Movement; Habitat Use; Song	p. 296
Population Dynamics	p. 297
Community Structure	p. 297
Taxonomy; Genetics	p. 297
References	p. 298
Stereology	p. 304
Introduction	p. 304
Sampling	p. 305
Curvature	p. 305
Particle Aggregates	p. 306
Anisotropy	p. 307
Projections	p. 307
Image Analysis	p. 307
Historical	p. 308
References	p. 308
Stylometry	p. 310
Introduction	p. 310
Word Length	p. 311
Sentence Length	p. 311
Function Words	p. 311
Vocabulary Studies: Indices of Diversity	p. 312
Vocabulary Distributions	p. 313
Hapax Legomena	p. 314
Hapax Dislegomena	p. 315
Content Analysis	p. 315
Neural Networks	p. 315
Concluding Remarks	p. 315
References	p. 316
Systematic Sampling	p. 318
Introduction	p. 318
References	p. 321
Traffic Flow Problems	p. 322
Introduction	p. 322
Delay, Speeds, and Congestion	p. 322
Measurement of Flows	p. 323
Further Reading	p. 324
Transect Methods	p. 326
Introduction	p. 326
References	p. 329
Weather Modiflcation-I	p. 331
Introduction	p. 331
The Physical Basis [7]	p. 331
Commercial Operations and Early Evaluation	p. 331
Randomized Experiments	p. 332
Exploratory Analyses and Multiplicity	p. 333
Recent Experiments	p. 334
The Contribution of Statisticians	p. 335
References	p. 336
Weather Modification-II	p. 338
Introduction	p. 338
Santa Clara County Seeding Operations	p. 339
The Randomized Experiments in Israel	p. 339
Climax I and II Experiments in Colorado	p. 343
The Florida Area Cumulus Experiments	p. 344
Face-1	p. 344
Face-2	p. 345
Hiplex-1 Experiment	p. 346
References	p. 346
Wildlife Sampling	p. 349
Introduction	p. 349
Quadrats and Transects	p. 349
Capture-Recapture	p. 350
Change-in-Ratio	p. 351
Catch-Effort	p. 351
Indices	p. 351
Measurement Errors	p. 352
References	p. 352
Index	p. 354
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Methods and Applications of Statistics in the Atmospheric and Earth Sciences

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Methods and Applications of Statistics in the Atmospheric and Earth Sciences

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