Microbiology

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ISBN: 9780072951752 | 0072951753
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/2/2004

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Prescott, Harley and Klein's 6th edition provides a balanced, comprehensive introduction to all major areas of microbiology. Because of this balance, Microbiology, 6/e is appropriate for students preparing for careers in medicine, dentistry, nursing, and allied health, as well as research, teaching, and industry. Biology and chemistry are prerequisites.

Preface

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About the Authors

xxii

Part I Introduction to Microbiology

The History and Scope of Microbiology

(16)

The Discovery of Microorganisms

(1)

The Conflict over Spontaneous Generation

(5)

The Role of Microorganisms in Disease

(4)

Techniques & Applications 1.1: The Scientific Method

(1)

Disease 1.2: Molecular Koch's Postulates

(1)

Industrial Microbiology and Microbial Ecology

(1)

Members of the Microbial World

(1)

The Scope and Relevance of Microbiology

(2)

The Future of Microbiology

(3)

The Study of Microbial Structure: Microscopy and Specimen Preparation

(22)

Lenses and the Bending of Light

(1)

The Light Microscope

(8)

Preparation and Staining of Specimens

(4)

Electron Microscopy

(5)

Newer Techniques in Microscopy

(4)

Procaryotic Cell Structure and Function

(34)

An Overview of Procaryotic Cell Structure

(4)

Microbial Diversity & Ecology 3.1: Monstrous Microbes

(1)

Procaryotic Cell Membranes

(3)

The Cytoplasmic Matrix

(3)

The Nucleoid

(2)

Microbial Diversity & Ecology 3.2: Living Magnets

(1)

The Procaryotic Cell Wall

(7)

Protein Secretion in Procaryotes

(2)

Components External to the Cell Wall

(6)

Chemotaxis

(1)

The Bacterial Endospore

(5)

Eucaryotic Cell Structure and Function

(20)

An Overview of Eucaryotic Cell Structure

(1)

The Cytoplasmic Matrix, Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, and Microtubules

(2)

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

(1)

The Golgi Apparatus

(1)

Lysosomes and Endocytosis

(3)

Eucaryotic Ribosomes

(1)

Mitochondria

(2)

Chloroplasts

(1)

Microbial Diversity & Ecology 4.1: The Origin of the Eucaryotic Cell

(1)

The Nucleus and Cell Division

(3)

External Cell Coverings

(1)

Cilia and Flagella

(2)

Comparison of Procaryotic and Eucaryotic Cells

(3)

Part II Microbial Nutrition, Growth, and Control

Microbial Nutrition

(16)

The Common Nutrient Requirements

(1)

Requirements for Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

(1)

Nutritional Types of Microorganisms

(1)

Requirements for Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

(1)

Growth Factors

(2)

Uptake of Nutrients by the Cell

(4)

Culture Media

102

(2)

Historical Highlights 5.1: The Discovery of Agar as a Solidifying Agent and the Isolation of Pure Cultures

103

(1)

Isolation of Pure Cultures

104

(5)

Techniques & Applications 5.2: The Enrichment and Isolation of Pure Cultures

105

(4)

Microbial Growth

109

(24)

The Growth Curve

110

(4)

Measurement of Microbial Growth

114

(3)

The Continuous Culture of Microorganisms

117

(1)

The Influence of Environmental Factors on Growth

118

(10)

Microbial Diversity & Ecology 6.1: Life above 100°C

124

(4)

Microbial Growth in Natural Environments

128

(5)

Control of Microorganisms by Physical and Chemical Agents

133

(16)

Definition of Frequently Used Terms

134

(1)

Techniques & Applications 7.1: Safety in the Microbiology Laboratory

134

(1)

The Pattern of Microbial Death

135

(1)

Conditions Influencing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agent Activity

136

(1)

The Use of Physical Methods in Control

136

(6)

Techniques & Applications 7.2: Universal Precautions for Microbiology Laboratories

142

(1)

The Use of Chemical Agents in Control

142

(4)

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Agent Effectiveness

146

(3)

Part III Microbial Metabolism

Metabolism: Energy, Enzymes, and Regulation

149

(18)

Energy and Work

150

(1)

The Laws of Thermodynamics

151

(1)

Free Energy and Reactions

152

(1)

The Role of ATP in Metabolism

153

(1)

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Electron Carriers

153

(3)

Enzymes

156

(4)

The Nature and Significance of Metabolic Regulation

160

(1)

Metabolic Channeling

160

(1)

Control of Enzyme Activity

161

(6)

Metabolism: Energy Release and Conservation

167

(32)

An Overview of Metabolism

168

(3)

The Breakdown of Glucose to Pyruvate

171

(3)

Fermentations

174

(4)

Historical Highlights 9.1: Microbiology and World War I

177

(1)

The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

178

(1)

Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

179

(6)

Anaerobic Respiration

185

(1)

Catabolism of Carbohydrates and Intracellular Reserve Polymers

186

(1)

Lipid Catabolism

187

(1)

Protein and Amino Acid Catabolism

188

(1)

Oxidation of Inorganic Molecules

188

(2)

Microbial Diversity & Ecology 9.2: Acid Mine Drainage

190

(1)

Photosynthesis

190

(9)

Metabolism: The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis

199

(22)

Principles Governing Biosynthesis

200

(2)

Techniques & Applications 10.1: The Identification of Anabolic Pathways

202

(1)

The Photosynthetic Fixation of CO2

202

(1)

Synthesis of Sugars and Polysaccharides

203

(2)

The Assimilation of Inorganic Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Nitrogen

205

(4)

The Synthesis of Amino Acids

209

(1)

Anaplerotic Reactions

209

(2)

The Synthesis of Purines, Pyrimidines, and Nucleotides

211

(3)

Lipid Synthesis

214

(2)

Peptidoglycan Synthesis

216

(1)

Patterns of Cell Wall Formation

217

(4)

Part IV Microbial Molecular Biology and Genetics

Genes: Structure, Replication, and Mutation

221

(32)

DNA as Genetic Material

222

(2)

Nucleic Acid Structure

224

(5)

Historical Highlights 11.1: The Elucidation of DNA Structure

227

(2)

DNA Replication

229

(5)

The Genetic Code

234

(1)

Gene Structure

235

(4)

Mutations and Their Chemical Basis

239

(6)

Detection and Isolation of Mutants

245

(3)

DNA Repair

248

(5)

Genes: Expression and Regulation

253

(32)

DNA Transcription or RNA Synthesis

254

(6)

Microbial Tidbits 12.1: Catalytic RNA (Ribozymes)

259

(1)

Protein Synthesis

260

(10)

Regulation of mRNA Synthesis

270

(4)

Historical Highlights 12.2: The Discovery of Gene Regulation

272

(2)

Attenuation

274

(2)

Global Regulatory Systems

276

(2)

Small RNAs and Regulation

278

(1)

Two-Component Phosphorelay Systems

279

(1)

Control of the Cell Cycle

280

(5)

Microbial Recombination and Plasmids

285

(26)

Bacterial Recombination: General Principles

286

(2)

Bacterial Plasmids

288

(3)

Disease 13.1: Virulence Plasmids

291

(1)

Transposable Elements

291

(5)

Bacterial Conjugation

296

(3)

DNA Transformation

299

(2)

Transduction

301

(5)

Mapping the Genome

306

(1)

Recombination and Genome Mapping in Viruses

307

(4)

Part V DNA Technology and Genomics

Recombinant DNA Technology

311

(24)

Historical Perspectives

312

(3)

Synthetic DNA

315

(1)

The Polymerase Chain Reaction

316

(3)

Preparation of Recombinant DNA

319

(3)

Cloning Vectors

322

(4)

Inserting Genes into Eucaryotic Cells

326

(1)

Expression of Foreign Genes in Bacteria

327

(2)

Techniques & Applications 14.1: Gene Expression and Kittyboo Colors

329

(1)

Applications of Genetic Engineering

329

(3)

Techniques & Applications 14.2: Plant Tumors and Nature's Genetic Engineer

331

(1)

Social Impact of Recombinant DNA Technology

332

(3)

Microbial Genomics

335

(16)

Introduction

336

(1)

Determining DNA Sequences

336

(1)

Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing

336

(3)

Bioinformatics

339

(1)

General Characteristics of Microbial Genomes

339

(6)

Functional Genomics

345

(4)

The Future of Genomics

349

(2)

Part VI The Viruses

The Viruses: Introduction and General Characteristics

351

(20)

Early Development of Virology

352

(1)

Historical Highlights 16.1: Disease and the Early Colonization of America

353

(1)

General Properties of Viruses

353

(1)

The Cultivation of Viruses

353

(2)

Virus Purification and Assays

355

(3)

The Structure of Viruses

358

(9)

Principles of Virus Taxonomy

367

(4)

Microbial Tidbits 16.2: The Origin of Viruses

369

(2)

The Viruses: Bacteriophages

371

(16)

Classification of Bacteriophages

372

(1)

Microbial Diversity & Ecology 17.1: An Ocean of Viruses

372

(1)

Reproduction of Double-Stranded DNA Phages: The Lytic Cycle

373

(5)

Reproduction of Single-Stranded DNA Phages

378

(1)

Reproduction of RNA Phages

379

(1)

Temperate Bacteriophages and Lysogeny

380

(7)

The Viruses: Viruses of Eucaryotes

387

(22)

Classification of Animal Viruses

388

(1)

Reproduction of Animal Viruses

388

(10)

Techniques & Applications 18.1: Constructing a Virus

396

(2)

Cytocidal Infections and Cell Damage

398

(1)

Persistent, Latent, and Slow Virus Infections

399

(1)

Viruses and Cancer

400

(1)

Plant Viruses

401

(3)

Viruses of Fungi, Algae, and Protozoa

404

(1)

Insect Viruses

404

(1)

Viroids and Prions

405

(4)

Part VII The Diversity of the Microbial World

Microbial Taxonomy and Phylogeny

409

(28)

General Introduction and Overview

410

(1)

Microbial Evolution and Diversity

410

(2)

Taxonomic Ranks

412

(2)

Classification Systems

414

(2)

Major Characteristics Used in Taxonomy

416

(4)

Assessing Microbial Phylogeny

420

(3)

The Major Divisions of Life

423

(5)

Microbial Diversity & Ecology 18.1: ``Official'' Nomenclature Lists---A Letter from Bergey's

428

(1)

Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

428

(3)

A Survey of Procaryotic Phylogeny and Diversity

431

(6)

The Archaea

437

(16)

Introduction to the Archaea

438

(4)

Phylum Crenarchaeota

442

(2)

Phylum Euryarchaeota

444

(9)

Microbial Diversity & Ecology 20.1: Methanotrophic Archaea

447

(3)

Microbial Tidbits 20.2: Photosynthesis in Halobacterium salinarium

450

(3)

Bacteria: The Deinococci and Nonproteobacteria Gram Negatives

453

(20)

Aquificae and Thermotogae

454

(1)

Deinococcus-Thermus

455

(1)

Photosynthetic Bacteria

456

(8)

Microbial Diversity & Ecology 21.1: The Mechanism of Gliding Motility

461

(3)

Phylum Planctomycetes

464

(1)

Phylum Chlamydiae

464

(2)

Phylum Spirochaetes

466

(3)

Phylum Bacteroidetes

469

(4)

Bacteria: The Proteobacteria

473

(30)

Class Alphaproteobacteria

474

(8)

Class Betaproteobacteria

482

(3)

Class Gammaproteobacteria

485

(10)

Microbial Diversity & Ecology 22.1: Bacterial Bioluminescence

492

(3)

Class Deltaproteobacteria

495

(5)

Class Epsilonproteobacteria

500

(3)

Bacteria: The Low G + C Gram Positives

503

(18)

General Introduction

504

(1)

Class Mollicutes (the Mycoplasmas)

504

(3)

Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria in Bergey's Manual

507

(1)

Class Clostridia

508

(3)

Microbial Tidbits 23.1: Spores in Space

509

(2)

Class Bacilli

511

(10)

Bacteria: The High G + C Gram Positives

521

(16)

General Properties of the Actinomycetes

522

(2)

High G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria in Bergey's Manual

524

(2)

Suborder Actinomycineae

526

(1)

Suborder Micrococcineae

527

(1)

Suborder Corynebacterineae

528

(1)

Suborder Micromonosporineae

529

(2)

Suborder Propionibacterineae

531

(1)

Suborder Streptomycineae

531

(2)

Suborder Streptosporangineae

533

(1)

Suborder Frankineae

533

(1)

Order Bifidobacteriales

534

(3)

The Fungi (Eumycota), Slime Molds, and Water Molds

537

(16)

Distribution

538

(1)

Importance

539

(1)

Structure

539

(2)

Nutrition and Metabolism

541

(1)

Reproduction

542

(1)

Characteristics of the Fungal Divisions

543

(5)

Slime Molds and Water Molds

548

(5)

The Algae

553

(12)

Distribution of Algae

555

(1)

Classification of Algae

555

(1)

Ultrastructure of the Algal Cell

556

(1)

Algal Nutrition

556

(1)

Structure of the Algal Thallus (Vegetative Form)

556

(1)

Algal Reproduction

556

(1)

Characteristics of the Algal Divisions

557

(8)

Techniques & Applications 26.1: Practical Importance of Diatoms

560

(2)

Disease 26.2: Toxic Algal Blooms

562

(3)

The Protozoa

565

(12)

Distribution

566

(1)

Importance

566

(1)

Morphology

566

(1)

Nutrition

567

(1)

Encystment and Excystment

568

(1)

Locomotory Organelles

568

(1)

Reproduction

568

(1)

Classification

568

(1)

Representative Types

569

(8)

Microbial Diversity & Ecology 27.1: The Importance of Foraminiferans

572

(5)

Part VIII Ecology and Symbiosis

Microorganism Interactions and Microbial Ecology

577

(38)

Foundations of Microbial Ecology

578

(1)

Microbial Interactions

578

(15)

Microbial Diversity & Ecology 28.1: Microbial Ecology Versus Environmental Microbiology

579

(5)

Microbial Diversity & Ecology 28.2: Coevolution of Animals and Their Gut Microbial Communities

584

(9)

Nutrient Cycling Interactions

593

(9)

The Physical Environment

602

(5)

Techniques & Applications 28.3: Thermophilic Microorganisms and Modern Biotechnology

607

(1)

Microbial Ecology and Its Methods: An Overview

607

(8)

Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments

615

(30)

Aquatic Environments and Microorganisms

616

(5)

Disease 29.1: New Agents in Medicine--The Sea as the New Frontier

617

(4)

The Microbial Community

621

(3)

Marine Environments

624

(4)

Freshwater Environments

628

(2)

Waters and Disease Transmission

630

(6)

Techniques & Applications 29.2: Waterborne Diseases, Water Supplies, and Slow Sand Filtration

632

(4)

Wastewater Treatment

636

(6)

Disease 29.3: Sewage Sludge: Long-Term Concerns with Land and Water Disposal

641

(1)

Groundwater Quality and Home Treatment Systems

642

(3)

Microorganisms in Terrestrial Environments

645

(28)

Soils as an Environment for Microorganisms

646

(1)

Microorganisms in the Soil Environment

647

(1)

Microorganisms and the Formation of Different Soils

648

(3)

Soil Microorganism Associations with Vascular Plants

651

(11)

Microbial Diversity & Ecology 30.1: Mycorrhizae and the Evolution of Vascular Plants

656

(6)

Soils, Plants, and Nutrients

662

(2)

Microbial Tidbits 30.2: An Unintended Global-Scale Nitrogen Experiment

664

(1)

Soils, Plants, and the Atmosphere

664

(2)

Techniques & Applications 30.3: Keeping Inside Air Fresh with Soil Microorganisms

665

(1)

Microbial Diversity & Ecology 30.4: Soils, Termites, Intestinal Microbes, and Atmospheric Methane

666

(1)

Microorganisms and Plant Decomposition

666

(1)

The Subsurface Biosphere

667

(2)

Soil Microorganisms and Human Health

669

(1)

Understanding Microbial Diversity in the Soil

670

(3)

Part IX Nonspecific (Innate) Resistance and the Immune Response

Normal Microbiota and Nonspecific (Innate) Host Resistance

673

(32)

Gnotobiotic Animals

674

(1)

Normal Microbiota of the Human Body

675

(5)

Techniques & Applications 31.1: Probiotics for Humans and Animals

679

(1)

Overview of Host Resistance

680

(1)

Cells, Tissues, and Organs of the Immune System

681

(4)

Physical and Chemical Barriers in Nonspecific (Innate) Resistance

685

(3)

Inflammation

688

(3)

The Complement System

691

(2)

Phagocytosis

693

(4)

Cytokines

697

(3)

Natural Killer Cells

700

(5)

Specific (Adaptive) Immunity

705

(34)

Overview of Specific (Adaptive) Immunity

706

(2)

Antigens

708

(2)

Antibodies

710

(11)

Techniques & Applications 32.1: Immunotoxins

721

(1)

T-Cell Biology

721

(7)

Techniques & Applications 32.2: Donor Selection for Tissue or Organ Transplants

724

(4)

B-Cell Biology

728

(3)

Action of Antibodies

731

(3)

The Classical Complement Pathway

734

(1)

Acquired Immune Tolerance

734

(1)

Summary: The Role of Antibodies and Lymphocytes in Resistance

734

(5)

Medical Immunology

739

(22)

Vaccines and Immunizations

740

(4)

Historical Highlights 33.1: The First Immunizations

740

(4)

Immune Disorders

744

(7)

Antigen-Antibody Interactions In Vitro

751

(10)

Techniques & Applications 33.2: History and Importance of Serotyping

757

(4)

Part X Microbial Diseases and Their Control

Pathogenicity of Microorganisms

761

(18)

Host-Parasite Relationships

762

(2)

Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases

764

(1)

Pathogenesis of Bacterial Diseases

765

(10)

Techniques & Applications 34.1: Detection and Removal of Endotoxins

774

(1)

Microbial Mechanisms for Escaping Host Defenses

775

(4)

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

779

(20)

The Development of Chemotherapy

780

(1)

Techniques & Applications 35.1: The Use of Antibiotics in Microbiological Research

781

(1)

General Characteristics of Antimicrobial Drugs

781

(2)

Determining the Level of Antimicrobial Activity

783

(1)

Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Agents

784

(2)

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Drugs

786

(1)

Antibacterial Drugs

787

(5)

Drug Resistance

792

(3)

Disease 35.2: Antibiotic Misuse and Drug Resistance

793

(2)

Antifungal Drugs

795

(1)

Antiviral Drugs

796

(3)

Clinical Microbiology

799

(22)

Specimens

800

(4)

Techniques & Applications 36.1: Universal Precautions for Health-Care Professionals

802

(2)

Identification of Microorganisms from Specimens

804

(13)

Techniques & Applications 36.2: Monoclonal Antibodies in Clinical Microbiology

813

(4)

Susceptibility Testing

817

(1)

Computers in Clinical Microbiology

817

(4)

The Epidemiology of Infectious Disease

821

(24)

Epidemiological Terminology

822

(1)

Historical Highlights 37.1: John Snow---The First Epidemiologist

822

(1)

Measuring Frequency: The Epidemiologist's Tools

823

(1)

Infectious Disease Epidemiology

823

(1)

Recognition of an Infectious Disease in a Population

824

(1)

Recognition of an Epidemic

824

(3)

Historical Highlights 37.2: ``Typhoid Mary''

825

(2)

The Infectious Disease Cycle: Story of a Disease

827

(5)

Historical Highlights 37.3: The First Indications of Person-to-Person Spread of an Infectious Disease

831

(1)

Virulence and the Mode of Transmission

832

(1)

Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases and Pathogens

832

(5)

Disease 37.4: The SARS Epidemic of 2003

835

(2)

Control of Epidemics

837

(1)

The Emerging Threat of Bioterrorism

837

(2)

Historical Highlights 37.5: 1346---The First Recorded Biological Warfare Attack

838

(1)

Global Travel and Health Considerations

839

(1)

Nosocomial Infections

840

(5)

Human Diseases Caused by Viruses

845

(30)

Airborne Diseases

846

(6)

Disease 38.1: Reye's and Guillain-Barre Syndromes

849

(3)

Arthropod-Borne Diseases

852

(3)

Disease 38.2: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers---A Microbial History Lesson

853

(2)

Direct Contact Diseases

855

(13)

Food-Borne and Waterborne Diseases

868

(2)

Historical Highlights 38.3: A Brief History of Polio

870

(1)

Slow Virus and Prion Diseases

870

(1)

Other Diseases

871

(4)

Human Diseases Caused by Bacteria

875

(42)

Airborne Diseases

876

(9)

Arthropod-Borne Diseases

885

(4)

Historical Highlights 39.1: The Hazards of Microbiological Research

885

(4)

Direct Contact Diseases

889

(13)

Disease 39.2: Biofilms

897

(3)

Disease 39.3: Resistant Staphylococci

900

(2)

Disease 39.4: A Brief History of Syphilis

902

(6)

Food-Borne and Waterborne Diseases

905

(3)

Techniques & Applications 39.5: Clostridial Toxins as Therapeutic Agents---Benefits of Nature's Most Toxic Proteins

908

(3)

Sepsis and Septic Shock

911

(1)

Dental Infections

911

(6)

Human Diseases Caused by Fungi and Protozoa

917

(20)

Fungal Diseases

918

(8)

Disease 40.1: The Emergence of Candidiasis

925

(1)

Protozoan Diseases

926

(11)

Disease 40.2: A Brief History of Malaria

930

(7)

Part XI Food and Industrial Microbiology

Microbiology of Food

937

(26)

Microorganism Growth in Foods

938

(2)

Microbial Growth and Food Spoilage

940

(3)

Controlling Food Spoilage

943

(3)

Historical Highlights 41.1: An Army Travels on Its Stomach

944

(2)

Food-Borne Diseases

946

(3)

Historical Highlights 41.2: Typhoid Fever and Canned Meat

947

(2)

Detection of Food-Borne Pathogens

949

(2)

Microbiology of Fermented Foods

951

(7)

Techniques & Applications 41.3: Starter Cultures, Bacteriophage Infections, and Plasmids

951

(7)

Microorganisms as Foods and Food Amendments

958

(5)

Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology

963

Choosing Microorganisms for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology

964

(6)

Techniques & Applications 42.1: The Potential of Thermophilic Archaea in Biotechnology

965

(5)

Microorganism Growth in Controlled Environments

970

(4)

Major Products of Industrial Microbiology

974

(5)

Microbial Growth in Complex Natural Environments

979

(7)

Microbial Diversity & Ecology 42.2: Methanogens---A New Role for a Unique Microbial Group

981

(4)

Microbial Diversity & Ecology 42.3: A Fungus with a Voracious Appetite

985

(1)

Biotechnological Applications

986

(4)

Techniques & Applications 42.4: Streptavidin-Biotin Binding and Biotechnology

987

(3)

Impacts of Microbial Biotechnology

990

Appendices

Appendix I A Review of the Chemistry of Biological Molecules

A-1

(1)

Appendix II Common Metabolic Pathways

A-11

(1)

Appendix III Classification of Procaryotes According to the Second Edition of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

A-19

(1)

Appendix IV Classification of Viruses

A-28

(1)

Appendix V Recommended Readings

A-38

(1)

Glossary

G-1

(1)

Credits

C-1

(1)

Index

I-1

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Microbiology

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Microbiology

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Digital License