Microbiology and Chemistry for Environmental

Biological and chemical processes play key roles in the treatment of domestic wastewater, and are becoming increasingly important in tackling the problems caused by industrial wastes. The first edition focused on microbial systems and wastewater processes implemented in a treatment plant. This revised edition incorporates components that cover the fundamental aspects of inorganic and organic chemistry relating to water treatment and pollution. It provides an understanding of the complex biological and chemical issues involved in environmental science and engineering.

J. N. Lester is Professor of Water Technology.

Preface to the second edition

ix

Acknowledgements

xi

Introduction to microbiology

1

(16)

Origins of microbiology

1

(2)

History of sanitary microbiology

3

(9)

Principles of microbiology

12

(5)

Bacteria

17

(18)

Introduction

17

(1)

Structure of the bacterial cell

18

(6)

Identification of bacteria

24

(4)

Classification of bacteria

28

(7)

The eucaryotic protists

35

(21)

Introduction

35

(1)

Algae

35

(7)

Protozoa

42

(8)

Fungi

50

(6)

Viruses and the metazoa

56

(7)

Introduction

56

(1)

Viruses

56

(4)

Metazoa

60

(3)

Laboratory techniques

63

(18)

Introduction

63

(1)

Safety precautions in microbiological laboratories

63

(1)

Aseptic techniques

64

(3)

Cultivation of micro-organisms

67

(3)

Microscopy

70

(1)

Enumeration of micro-organisms

71

(3)

Staining methods

74

(3)

Microbial assays

77

(4)

Introduction to chemistry

81

(22)

Introduction

81

(1)

The atom

81

(3)

Periodic Table and properties of elements

84

(3)

Chemical bonding

87

(6)

Chemical quantities

93

(1)

Stoichiometry and chemical equilibria

94

(4)

Laws of chemistry

98

(2)

pH and activity

100

(1)

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions

100

(3)

Organic chemistry

103

(30)

Introduction

103

(1)

The carbon atom

103

(4)

Aliphatic compounds

107

(18)

Nitrogen-containing compounds

125

(2)

Aromatic compounds

127

(3)

Heterocyclic compounds

130

(3)

Biological molecules

133

(21)

Introduction

133

(1)

Isomerism

134

(1)

Proteins

135

(7)

Polysaccharides

142

(5)

Nucleic acids

147

(5)

Lipids

152

(2)

Microbial metabolism

154

(23)

Introduction

154

(1)

Thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium

155

(4)

Energy-yielding metabolism

159

(12)

Biosynthesis

171

(6)

Microbial growth

177

(17)

Introduction

177

(1)

Mathematical description of growth

177

(3)

Growth curve

180

(2)

Factors affecting growth

182

(3)

Continuous cultivation

185

(4)

Growth on two substrates

189

(2)

Mixed cultures

191

(3)

Water quality chemistry

194

(19)

Introduction

194

(1)

The water molecule

194

(1)

Oxygen demand

195

(4)

Acidity and alkalinity

199

(1)

Hardness and metal ions in water

200

(3)

Nutrients

203

(2)

Water quality standards

205

(8)

Environmental water chemistry

213

(24)

Introduction

213

(1)

The hydrologic cycle

213

(3)

Surface water chemistry

216

(7)

Precipitation chemistry

223

(6)

Groundwater chemistry

229

(8)

Water pollution

237

(22)

Introduction

237

(1)

Sources of pollutants

238

(4)

Groundwater pollution

242

(2)

Marine pollution

244

(1)

Physical pollutants

245

(2)

Chemical pollutants

247

(9)

Toxic pollutants

256

(3)

Aerobic wastewater treatment processes

259

(29)

Introduction

259

(1)

Preliminary and primary treatment

259

(2)

Objectives of wastewater treatment

261

(1)

Activated sludge process

261

(4)

Substrate removal and growth in biomass recycle systems

265

(2)

Biological activities in activated sludge

267

(10)

Operational modifications

277

(2)

Design modifications

279

(1)

Percolating filters

280

(8)

Anaerobic wastewater treatment

288

(13)

Introduction

288

(1)

Anaerobic sludge digestion

289

(2)

Biological activities in anaerobic digestion

291

(6)

Waste stabilization ponds

297

(4)

Composting

301

(7)

Introduction

301

(1)

Process description

301

(2)

Microbiology of composting

303

(3)

Fate of pathogens during composting

306

(2)

Industrial waste treatment

308

(17)

Introduction

308

(1)

Trade effluent control

308

(2)

Biological aspects of industrial waste treatment

310

(6)

Aerobic treatment processes

316

(3)

Anaerobic treatment processes

319

(6)

Environmental microbiology

325

(13)

Introduction

325

(1)

Biodegradation in the aquatic environment

325

(3)

Degradation in heterogeneous environments

328

(2)

Microbial activity in trace heavy metal cycling

330

(2)

Eutrophication

332

(4)

Microbiological indicators of pollution

336

(2)

Pathogens

338

(19)

Introduction

338

(1)

Modes of entry and transmission of pathogens

339

(2)

Diseases caused by waterborne pathogens

341

(16)

Water treatment

357

(12)

Introduction

357

(1)

Water treatment processes

357

(4)

Disinfection

361

(8)

Index

369

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Microbiology and Chemistry for Environmental Scientists and Engineers

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials