Microorganisms and Biotechnology

Each book contains clear chapter objectives and closing summaries, a range of independent learning activities including assignments, analysis exercises and in-text questions. Science is presented in context with strong emphasis on economic, social and environmental factors.

Bath Advanced Science Series: introduction

vi

How to use this book

vii

THEME 1 WHAT ARE MICROORGANISMS?

Introducing microorganisms and biotechnology

3

(8)

Why do we study microorganisms and biotechnology?

3

(1)

The history of biotechnology

4

(2)

What are microorganisms?

6

(1)

Seeing microorganisms

6

(1)

Naming microorganisms

7

(1)

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

8

(3)

The main groups of microorganisms

11

(21)

Prokaryota

11

(1)

Bacteria

12

(7)

Cyanobacteria

19

(1)

Protoctista

20

(3)

Fungi

23

(3)

Viruses

26

(6)

Growing microorganisms

32

(21)

Microorganisms in the biosphere

32

(1)

Factors affecting microbial growth

33

(3)

Sterile technique

36

(1)

Growing microorganisms

37

(2)

Batch and continuous culture

39

(1)

Isolating bacteria

40

(1)

Measuring bacterial growth

41

(3)

Measuring fungal growth

44

(1)

The bacterial growth curve

44

(2)

Growing and counting viruses

46

(7)

THEME 2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Food microbiology

53

(19)

Microorganisms and food

53

(1)

Where microorganisms in food come from

54

(1)

Making foods with microorganisms

55

(1)

Yeast and its products

55

(2)

Foods made with lactic acid bacteria

57

(3)

Aspergillus fermentations of soy beans

60

(1)

Single cell protein

61

(1)

Food and biotechnology

62

(1)

Food spoilage

63

(2)

Preserving foods

65

(7)

Cleaning up with microorganisms

72

(19)

Problems generated by waste disposal

72

(1)

Natural water

73

(1)

Polluted water

73

(2)

Measuring water quality

75

(2)

How water is purified

77

(1)

Dealing with waste water

78

(1)

Using microorganisms to clean up water

79

(3)

Cleaning up the environment

82

(2)

`Where there's muck there's brass' -- turning waste into profit

84

(7)

Industrial microbiology

91

(30)

Putting cells to work

91

(1)

Growing cells on a large scale

92

(6)

What microorganisms can make

98

(1)

Selecting the microorganisms

99

(1)

Changing genes

100

(4)

Biotransformations

104

(1)

Vaccines

104

(2)

Antibiotics and other metabolites

106

(2)

Enzymes

108

(5)

Animal cell products

113

(2)

Plant cell products

115

(1)

Transgenic animals

115

(6)

THEME 3 MICROORGANISMS AND DISEASE

The body's fight against disease

121

(20)

How microorganisms cause disease

121

(2)

Defence mechanisms

123

(3)

Antibodies and antigens

126

(2)

White cells

128

(2)

Vaccines and antisera

130

(6)

Drugs and antibiotics

136

(5)

Human disease

141

(18)

Introduction

141

(1)

How diseases are spread

142

(1)

How microorganisms are transmitted

143

(3)

Bacterial diseases

146

(3)

Viral diseases

149

(5)

Protozoal diseases

154

(5)

Plant disease and biotechnology

159

(15)

Plant disease

159

(1)

Microorganisms that cause plant disease

160

(1)

How plant diseases are spread

160

(2)

Plant defence mechanisms

162

(1)

Fungal diseases

163

(2)

Viral diseases

165

(1)

Bacterial diseases

166

(1)

How plant diseases are controlled

166

(3)

Plant biotechnology

169

(1)

Breeding resistance into plants

170

(4)

Exam questions

174

(5)

Appendices

A Ideas for practical and other investigations

175

(2)

B Glossary of biological terms

177

(2)

Extending your understanding: wider reading and suggestions for web searches

179

(2)

Index

181

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Microorganisms and Biotechnology

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Microorganisms and Biotechnology

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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