Microwave Noncontact Motion Sensing and Analysis

Changzhi Li, PhD, is Assistant Professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Texas Tech University. His research interests include biomedical applications of microwave/RF, wireless sensor, and RF/analog circuits.

Jenshan Lin, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida. Before joining the University of Florida, he worked for AT&T/Lucent Bell Laboratories and Agere Systems.

Preface xi

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Background, 1

1.2 Recent Progress on Microwave Noncontact Motion Sensors, 2

1.2.1 Microwave/Millimeter-Wave Interferometer and Vibrometer, 2

1.2.2 Noncontact Vital Sign Detection, 3

1.3 About This Book, 4

2 Theory of Microwave Noncontact Motion Sensors 7

2.1 Introduction to Radar, 7

2.1.1 Antennas, 8

2.1.2 Propagation and Antenna Gain, 10

2.1.3 Radio System Link and Friis Equation, 13

2.1.4 Radar Cross Section and Radar Equation, 15

2.1.5 Radar Signal-To-Noise Ratio, 16

2.1.6 Signal-Processing Basics, 17

2.2 Mechanism of Motion Sensing Radar, 18

2.2.1 Doppler Frequency Shift, 18

2.2.2 Doppler Nonlinear Phase Modulation, 19

2.2.3 Pulse Radar, 26

2.2.4 FMCW Radar, 27

2.2.5 Comparison of Different Detection Mechanisms, 29

2.3 Key Theory and Techniques of Motion Sensing Radar, 31

2.3.1 Null and Optimal Detection Point, 31

2.3.2 Complex Signal Demodulation, 33

2.3.3 Arctangent Demodulation, 34

2.3.4 Double-Sideband Transmission, 36

2.3.5 Optimal Carrier Frequency, 43

2.3.6 Sensitivity: Gain and Noise Budget, 49

3 Hardware Development of Microwave Motion Sensors 53

3.1 Radar Transceiver, 53

3.1.1 Bench-Top Radar Systems, 53

3.1.2 Board Level Radar System Integration, 61

3.1.3 Motion Sensing Radar-On-Chip Integration, 63

3.1.4 Pulse-Doppler Radar and Ultra-Wideband Technologies, 85

3.1.5 FMCW Radar, 89

3.2 Radar Transponders, 92

3.2.1 Passive Harmonic Tag, 93

3.2.2 Active Transponder for Displacement Monitoring, 95

3.3 Antenna Systems, 99

3.3.1 Phased Array Systems, 99

3.3.2 Broadband Antenna, 100

3.3.3 Helical Antenna, 103

4 Advances in Detection and Analysis Techniques 107

4.1 System Design and Optimization, 107

4.1.1 Shaking Noise Cancellation Using Sensor Node Technique, 107

4.1.2 DC-Coupled Displacement Radar, 111

4.1.3 Random Body Movement Cancellation Technique, 116

4.1.4 Nonlinear Detection of Complex Vibration Patterns, 124

4.1.5 Motion Sensing Based on Self-Injection-Locked Oscillators, 131

4.2 Numerical Methods: Ray-Tracing Model, 136

4.3 Signal Processing, 141

4.3.1 MIMO, MISO, SIMO Techniques, 141

4.3.2 Spectral Estimation Algorithms, 142

4.3.3 Joint Time–Frequency Signal Analysis, 153

5 Applications and Future Trends 157

5.1 Application Case Studies, 158

5.1.1 Assisted Living and Smart Homes, 158

5.1.2 Sleep Apnea Diagnosis, 164

5.1.3 Wireless Infant Monitor, 169

5.1.4 Measurement of Rotational Movement, 173

5.1.5 Battlefield Triage and Enemy Detection, 178

5.1.6 Earthquake and Fire Emergency Search and Rescue, 179

5.1.7 Tumor Tracking in Radiation Therapy, 180

5.1.8 Structural Health Monitoring, 185

5.2 Development of Standards and State of Acceptance, 194

5.3 Future Development Trends, 196

5.4 Microwave Industry Outlook, 202

References 203

Index 215

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