Microwave Radiometer Systems

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ISBN: 9781580539746 | 1580539742
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/28/2006

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Thoroughly revising and updating an Artech House classic from 1989, this authoritative resource offers you a comprehensive and current understanding of radiometer systems and shows you how to design a system based on given specifications, taking into acco

Preface

1 Introduction

(2)

References

(1)

2 Summary

(4)

3 The Radiometer Receiver: Sensitivity and Accuracy

(6)

3.1 What Is a Radiometer Receiver?

(1)

3.2 The Sensitivity of the Radiometer

(2)

3.3 Absolute Accuracy and Stability

(2)

References

(2)

4 Radiometer Principles

(12)

4.1 The Total Power Radiometer (TPR)

(1)

4.2 The Dicke Radiometer (DR)

(2)

4.3 The Noise-Injection Radiometer (NIR)

(2)

4.4 The Correlation Radiometer (CORRAD)

(2)

4.5 Hybrid Radiometer

(1)

4.6 Other Radiometer Types

(1)

References

(3)

5 Radiometer Receivers on a Block Diagram Level

(22)

5.1 Receiver Principles

(2)

5.1.1 Direct or Superheterodyne

(1)

5.1.2 DSB or SSB with or without RF Preamplifier

(1)

5.2 Dicke Radiometer

(11)

5.2.1 Microwave Part

(2)

5.2.2 The Noise Figure and the Sensitivity of the Radiometer

(1)

5.2.3 The IF Circuitry and the Detector

(2)

5.2.4 The Extreme Signal Levels

(1)

5.2.5 The LF Circuitry

(1)

5.2.6 The Analog-to-Digital Converter

(3)

5.2.7 On the Sampling in the Radiometer: Aliasing

(1)

5.3 The Noise-Injection Radiometer

(2)

5.4 The Total Power Radiometer

(3)

5.4.1 DSB Receiver without RF Preamplifier

(2)

5.4.2 SSB Receiver with RF Preamplifier

(1)

5.5 Stability Considerations

(1)

References

(3)

6 The DTU Noise-Injection Radiometers Example

(8)

References

(2)

7 Polarimetric Radiometers

(14)

7.1 Polarimetry and Stokes Parameters

(2)

7.2 Radiometric Signatures of the Ocean

(1)

7.3 Four Configurations

(5)

7.3.1 Polarization Combining Radiometers

(3)

7.3.2 Correlation Radiometers

(2)

7.4 Sensitivities

(2)

7.5 Discussion of Configurations

(1)

7.6 The DTU Polarimetric System

(4)

References

(1)

8 Synthetic Aperture Radiometer Principles

(12)

8.1 Introduction

(3)

8.2 Practical Considerations

(4)

8.2.1 RF Processing

(1)

8.2.2 Basic Equation

(1)

8.2.3 Image Processing

(1)

8.2.4 Sensitivity

(1)

8.3 Example

(2)

References

(1)

Selected Bibliography

(2)

9 Calibration and Linearity

(18)

9.1 Why Calibrate?

(1)

9.2 Calibration Sources

(4)

9.3 Example: Calibration of a 5-GHz Radiometer

(1)

9.4 Linearity Measured by Simple Means

(9)

9.4.1 Background

(1)

9.4.2 Simple Three-Point Calibration

(3)

9.4.3 Linearity Checked by Slope Measurements

(1)

9.4.4 Measurements

(3)

9.5 Calibration of Polarimetric Radiometers

(2)

References

(1)

10 Sensitivity and Stability: Experiments with Basic Radiometer Receivers

(18)

10.1 Background

(1)

10.2 The Radiometers Used in the Experiments

100

(1)

10.3 The Experimental Setup

101

(1)

10.4 5-GHz Sensitivity Measurements

102

(1)

10.5 Stability Measurements

103

(11)

10.5.1 Discussion of the 5-GHz DR Results

103

(2)

10.5.2 The 5-GHz DR with Correction Algorithm

105

(4)

10.5.3 The 17-GHz NIR Results

109

(2)

10.5.4 Discussion of the TPR Results

111

(2)

10.5.5 Back-End Stability

113

(1)

10.6 Conclusions

114

(1)

References

115

(2)

11 Radiometer Antennas and Real Aperture Imaging Considerations

117

(16)

11.1 Beam Efficiency and Losses

117

(2)

11.2 Antenna Types

119

(2)

11.3 Imaging Considerations

121

(4)

11.4 The Dwell Time Per Footprint Versus the Sampling Time in the Radiometer

125

(5)

11.5 Receiver Considerations for Imagers

130

(1)

References

131

(2)

12 Relationships Between Swath Width, Footprint, Integration Time, Sensitivity, Frequency, and Other Parameters for Satellite-Borne, Real Aperture Imaging Systems

133

(14)

12.1 Mechanical Scan

134

(5)

12.2 Push-Broom Systems

139

(1)

12.3 Summary and Discussion

140

(3)

12.4 Examples

143

(4)

12.4.1 General-Purpose Multifrequency Mission

143

(1)

12.4.2 Coastal Salinity Sensor

143

(1)

12.4.3 Realistic Salinity Sensor

144

(3)

13 First Example of a Spaceborne Imager: A General-Purpose Mechanical Scanner

147

(24)

13.1 Background

147

(2)

13.2 System Considerations

149

(8)

13.2.1 General Geometric and Radiometric Characteristics

149

(3)

13.2.2 Instrument Options

152

(4)

13.2.3 Baseline Instrument Specifications

156

(1)

13.2.4 Instrument Layout and Receiver Type

156

(1)

13.3 Receiver Design

157

(6)

13.3.1 The Direct Receivers (10.65-36.5 GHz)

157

(1)

13.3.2 The 89-GHz DSB Receivers

158

(1)

13.3.3 Integrated Receivers: Weight and Power

159

(1)

13.3.4 Performance of the Receivers

160

(1)

13.3.5 Critical Design Features

161

(2)

13.4 Antenna Design

163

(2)

13.5 Calibration and Linearity

165

(2)

13.5.1 Prelaunch Radiometric Calibration

165

(1)

13.5.2 On-Board Calibration

166

(1)

13.6 System Issues

167

(1)

13.6.1 System Weight and Power

167

(1)

13.6.2 Data Rate

168

(1)

13.7 Summary

169

(1)

References

170

(1)

14 Second Example of a Spaceborne Imager: A Sea Salinity/Soil Moisture Push-Broom Radiometer System

171

(26)

14.1 Background

171

(1)

14.2 The Brightness Temperature of the Sea

172

(3)

14.3 The Brightness Temperature of Moist Soil

175

(2)

14.4 User Requirements for Geophysical and Spatial Resolution

177

(1)

14.4.1 Salinity Measurements

177

(1)

14.4.2 Soil Moisture Measurements

177

(1)

14.5 A 1.4-GHz Push-Broom Radiometer System

177

(7)

14.5.1 Sensitivity Considerations

177

(1)

14.5.2 The 1.4-GHz Noise-Injection Radiometer Receiver

178

(3)

14.5.3 Antenna Considerations

181

(1)

14.5.4 Layout of the System

181

(3)

14.6 Calibration

184

(2)

14.7 A Disturbing Factor: The Faraday Rotation

186

(6)

14.7.1 The Faraday Rotation

186

(1)

14.7.2 Correction Based on Knowing the Rotation Angle

187

(2)

14.7.3 Correction Based on the Polarization Ratio

189

(2)

14.7.4 Consequences for Instrument Design

191

(1)

14.7.5 Circumventing the Problem by Using the First Stokes Parameter

191

(1)

14.8 Other Disturbing Factors: Space and Atmosphere

192

(1)

14.8.1 Space Radiation

192

(1)

14.8.2 Atmospheric Effects

193

(1)

14.9 Summary

193

(1)

References

194

(3)

15 Examples of Synthetic Aperture Radiometers

197

(22)

15.1 Introduction

197

(1)

15.2 Implementation of Synthesis

198

(2)

15.3 Airborne Example: ESTAR

200

(11)

15.3.1 Hardware

200

(4)

15.3.2 Image Reconstruction

204

(1)

15.3.3 Calibration

205

(2)

15.3.4 Discussion

207

(1)

15.3.5 Example of Imagery

208

(3)

15.4 Spaceborne Examples

211

(6)

15.4.1 HYDROSTAR

211

(3)

15.4.2 SMOS

214

(3)

References

217

(2)

Acronyms

219

(2)

Index

221

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Microwave Radiometer Systems

Summary

Table of Contents

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