Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence:

Wessinger presents 18 papers that explore three interrelated patterns of some millennial religious movements: violence by outsiders, the initiation of violence to preserve religious goals, and millennial ideologies that sanction violence.

Catherine Wessinger is professor of the history of religions and chair of the Religious Studies Department at Loyola University, New Orleans.

Acknowledgments

ix

Contributors

xi

Introduction

The Interacting Dynamics of Millennial Beliefs, Persecution, and Violence

3

(40)

Catherine Wessinger

Part One: Assaulted Millennial Groups

Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence

The Mormons

43

(19)

Grant Underwood

From Vision to Violence

The Wounded Knee Massacre

62

(20)

Michelene E. Pesantubbee

``Theology Is Life and Death''

David Koresh on Violence, Persecution, and the Millennium

82

(19)

Eugene V. Gallagher

Shooting Dreads on Sight

Violence, Persecution, Millennialism, and Dominica's Dread Act

101

(20)

Richard C. Salter

Part Two: Fragile Millennial Groups

``American as Cherry Pie''

Peoples Temple and Violence in America

121

(17)

Rebecca Moore

The Magic of Death

The Suicides of the Solar Temple

138

(20)

Massimo Introvigne

Imagined Persecution

Aum Shinrikyo, Millennialism, and the Legitimation of Violence

158

(27)

Ian Reader

Part Three: Two Nativist Millennial Movements

Millenarian Tragedies in South Africa

The Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement and the Bulhoek Massacre

185

(20)

Christine Steyn

Part Four: Revolutionary Millennial Movements

Apocalypse, Persecution, and Self-Immolation

Mass Suicides among the Old Believers in Late-Seventeenth-Century Russia

205

(15)

Thomas Robbins

Western Millennial Ideology Goes East

The Taiping Revolution and Mao's Great Leap Forward

220

(21)

Scott Lowe

Nazism as a Millennialist Movement

241

(111)

Robert Ellwood

Japanese Lotus Millennialism

From Militant Nationalism to Contemporary Peace Movements

261

(20)

Jacqueline Stone

Time, Authority, and Ethics in the Khmer Rouge

Elements of the Millennial Vision in Year Zero

281

(18)

Richard C. Salter

Real Paranoids Have Real Enemies

The Genesis of the ZOG Discourse in the American National Socialist Subculture

299

(24)

Jeffrey Kaplan

The Justus Freemen Standoff

The Importance of the Analysis of Religion in Avoiding Violent Outcomes

323

(24)

Jean E. Rosenfeld

Part Five: Implications for Law Enforcement

A Brief History of Millennialism and Suggestions for a New Paradigm for Use in Critical Incidents

A Presentation to the Los Angeles Police Department

347

(5)

Jean E. Rosenfeld

Afterword Millennial Violence in Contemporary America

352

(15)

Michael Barkun

Bibliography

367

(24)

Index

391

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Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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