The Mind at Work

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ISBN: 9780521017503 | 0521017505
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/21/2005

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Ergonomics is a multi-disciplinary activity concerned mainly with people at work, but also with other human purposeful activities such as war, sport, games and leisure. The objective of ergonomics is to make these activities more effective and safer by applying established principles of anatomy, physiology and psychology. Together with the earlier volume, The Body at Work, this book forms a comprehensive textbook of ergonomics for all students of the subject, whether they be undergraduates or postgraduates on specialist ergonomics courses or those concerned with ergonomics as part of courses in psychology, physiology, management, industrial engineering and industrial design. This volume covers the psychological aspects of people at work; practices over the past twenty years stimulated by high technology systems and computerisation.

Key to symbols used

xiv

1 HUMAN RESOURCES AND SYSTEM DESIGN

(79)

1.1 Concepts

(20)

1.1.1 The human contribution

(7)

The human role as a system controller

(1)

The human contribution in high technology systems

(3)

The human contribution in low technology systems

(2)

Ergonomics and other aspects of technology

(1)

The philosophy of work

(1)

1.1.2 The design of systems

(13)

The system concept

(2)

The design of high technology systems

(9)

The design of smaller systems

(1)

The design of macro-systems

(1)

1.2 Knowledge

(10)

1.2.1 Demographic data

(8)

1.2.2 Human resource utilisation

(2)

1.3 Principles, methods and procedures

(39)

1.3.1 Education, work and leisure

(1)

1.3.2 Socio-technical systems

(2)

1.3.3 Man—machine systems

(7)

1.3.4 Task analysis

(29)

Terminology

(9)

Procedural task analysis

(2)

Diagnositic task analysis

(3)

Task analysis by observation

(11)

Process charts

(5)

Sequence charts

(1)

Link design charts

(1)

Flow charts

(1)

Block diagrams

(2)

Algorithm charts

(2)

F.A.S.T. diagrams

(1)

General functional diagrams

(1)

Task analysis by discussion

(8)

Responsibility charts

(1)

Hierarchical analysis

(1)

Protocol analysis

(1)

M.C.I. Job–process analysis

(2)

Conclusion

(1)

1.4 Applications

(10)

1.4.1 Man-power planning

(2)

1.4.2 The design of procedures

(4)

Checklists

(1)

Routines

(1)

Knowledge texts

(1)

1.4.3 The design of manuals

(4)

2 SKILL AND TRAINING

(55)

2.1 Concepts

(8)

2.1.1 Developmental aspects

(1)

2.1.2 Human skill

(2)

2.1.3 Acquisition of skills

(2)

2.1.4 Mental models

(3)

2.2 Knowledge

(14)

2.2.1 Individual differences

(5)

Capacities, abilities and aptitudes

(1)

Intelligence and personality

(1)

Age differences

(1)

Sex differences

(1)

Ethnic, cultural, climatic and economic differences

(1)

2.2.2 Learning

(3)

2.2.3 Memory and thinking

(3)

2.2.4 Language

(1)

2.2.5 Learning and memory

100

(2)

2.3 Principles, methods and procedures

102

(13)

2.3.1 Interviewing

102

(3)

2.3.2 Psychological testing

105

(1)

2.3.3 Surveys

106

(2)

2.3.4 Task training

108

(3)

2.3.5 Skill training

111

(2)

2.3.6 Attitude training

113

(1)

2.3.7 Skills analysis

113

(2)

2.4 Applications

115

(20)

2.4.1 Selection and guidance

115

(5)

2.4.2 Placement

120

(1)

2.4.3 The design of training schemes

121

(2)

2.4.4 Programmed instruction

123

(5)

2.4.5 The use of simulators

128

(7)

3 NEEDS AND ORGANISATIONS

135

(24)

3.1 Concepts

135

(4)

3.1.1 Social factors

135

(2)

Activity involving others

135

(1)

Conceptual approaches

136

(1)

3.1.2 Human aspirations

137

(2)

The importance of context

137

(1)

Terminology

138

(1)

3.2 Knowledge

139

(7)

3.2.1 Small groups

139

(2)

3.2.2 Large groups

141

(1)

3.2.3 Leadership

142

(1)

3.2.4 Organisation theory

143

(1)

3.2.5 Motivation theory

144

(2)

3.3 Principles, methods and procedures

146

(5)

3.3.1 Group decision making (committees)

146

(1)

3.3.2 Role analysis

147

(1)

3.3.3 Job analysis

148

(2)

3.3.4 Depth interviews

150

(1)

3.4 Applications

151

(8)

3.4.1 Batch production

151

(2)

3.4.2 Construction

153

(1)

3.4.3 The management consultant

154

(1)

3.4.4 Ergonomics in developing countries

155

(4)

4 PERFORMANCE AND JOB DESIGN

159

(35)

4.1 Concepts

159

(9)

4.1.1 Fatigue

160

(1)

4.1.2 Arousal

161

(2)

4.1.3 Stress

163

(2)

4.1.4 Vigilance

165

(2)

4.1.5 Circadian rhythms

167

(1)

4.2 Knowledge

168

(8)

4.2.1 Human state

168

(3)

4.2.2 Mental load

171

(5)

4.3 Principles, methods and procedures

176

(7)

4.3.1 Experiments and trials

176

(4)

4.3.2 Job design

180

(3)

4.4 Applications

183

(11)

4.4.1 Design for operation

183

(1)

The general approach

183

(1)

The specific approach

184

(1)

4.4.2 Design for maintenance

184

(2)

4.4.3 Inspection tasks

186

(1)

Passive inspection

186

(1)

Active inspection

187

(1)

4.4.4 Shift systems

187

(1)

4.4.5 The use of VDUs

188

(6)

The casual user

189

(1)

The continuous user

189

(5)

5 INFORMATION PROCESSING

194

(66)

5.1 Concepts

194

(11)

5.1.1 Information acceptance

194

(5)

Sensation

194

(2)

Perception

196

(2)

Cognition

198

(1)

5.1.2 Information transmission

199

(6)

Signal detection theory

199

(2)

Information theory

201

(1)

Transfer theory

202

(3)

5.2 Knowledge

205

(3)

5.2.1 Data acquisition

205

(1)

5.2.2 Information transmission

205

(3)

5.2.3 Decision-making

208

(1)

5.3 Principles, methods and procedures

208

(31)

5.3.1 Displays

208

(9)

5.3.2 Controls

217

(1)

5.3.3 Interface design

218

(2)

5.3.4 Centralised control systems

220

(5)

System malfunctions and human errors

222

(1)

Human limitations

223

(2)

5.3.5 Alarm systems

225

Alarm interfaces

227

(2)

The alarm recipient

229

5.3.6 Computer support

223

(16)

The engineered mechanism

223

(1)

The man–computer system

223

(12)

The human–computer interface

235

(1)

User requirements

235

(2)

Robotics

237

(1)

Conclusion

238

(1)

5.4 Applications

239

(21)

5.4.1 Human-computer interface design

239

(4)

The U.K. organisational structure

239

(1)

Input systems

240

(1)

Display systems

241

(1)

Conclusion

242

(1)

5.4.2 Military control systems

243

(3)

5.4.3 Process control centres

246

(4)

A team work-space

247

(1)

A plant interface

248

(1)

A management centre

249

(1)

An information centre

249

(1)

5.4.4 Aviation psychology

250

(4)

The pilot

251

(2)

The air traffic controller

253

(1)

5.4.5 Checklists and standards

254

(6)

6 RISK AND RELIABILITY

260

(48)

6.1 Concepts

260

(16)

6.1.1 Risk

260

(2)

6.1.2 Safety

262

(3)

6.1.3 Accidents

265

(4)

6.1.4 Human error

269

(2)

6.1.5 Reliability

271

(2)

6.1.6 Disasters

273

(3)

6.2 Knowledge

276

(6)

6.2.1 Accident data sources

276

(1)

6.2.2 Accident data interpretation

277

(1)

6.2.3 Accident data

277

(5)

6.3 Principles, methods and procedures

282

(16)

6.3.1 Accident reduction

284

(6)

Design

285

(1)

Procedures

286

(1)

Training

287

(1)

Management

288

(2)

6.3.2 Hazard reduction

290

(1)

6.3.3 Error reduction

290

(5)

6.3.4 The safe system

295

(3)

6.4 Applications

298

(10)

6.4.1 Risk analysis

298

(1)

6.4.2 Reliablity analysis

299

(1)

6.4.3 Safety compliance

300

(2)

6.4.4 Accident research

302

(6)

7 THE CITIZEN AND THE ENVIRONMENT

308

(30)

7.1 Concepts

308

(9)

7.1.1 The technology-based society

308

(2)

7.1.2 The technology-based environment

310

(3)

7.1.3 Consumer ergonomics

313

(1)

7.1.4 Disabled individuals

314

(3)

7.2 Knowledge

317

(2)

7.3 Principles, methods and procedures

319

(5)

7.3.1 Control for ill-defined issues

319

(1)

7.3.2 User preference studies

320

(1)

7.3.3 The rehabilitation of the disabled

321

(3)

7.4 Applications

324

(14)

7.4.1 Office design

324

(4)

7.4.2 Car design

328

(6)

Design procedure

329

(1)

Computer-aided design and manufacture

330

(1)

The technological push

331

(1)

Continuity and change

332

(1)

The customer – designer loop

332

(1)

Competition and fashion

333

(1)

Continuing problems

333

(1)

7.4.3 Ergonomics and disability

334

(4)

Author index

338

(5)

Subject index

343

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The Mind at Work

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Supplemental Materials

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