Modeling the Supply Chain

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ISBN: 9780534373634 | 0534373631
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/20/2000

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Supply chains don't manage themselves, although managers sometimes wish they did. For everything you'll need to know about analyzing supply chains, you'll need MODELING THE SUPPLY CHAIN. By using models to analyze the supply chain, you can quickly and effectively find ways to optimize its performance. And because this supply chain textbook is loaded with clear illustrations and practical study tools, this is the textbook that will help you be effective during test times as well.

PART ONE Introduction to Supply Chain Management

(60)

Supply Chain Management, Integrated Planning, and Models

(26)

Fundamentals of Supply Chain Management

(5)

Supply Chain Networks

(1)

Integrated Supply Chain Planning

(1)

Objectives of Supply Chain Management

(2)

Overview of Supply Chain Models and Modeling Systems

(2)

Supply Chain Modeling Incorporates Concepts from Several Management Disciplines

(11)

Strategy Formation and the Theory of the Firm

(4)

Logistics, Production, and Inventory Management

(2)

Management Accounting

(1)

Demand Forecasting and Marketing Science

(2)

Operations Research

(1)

Innovations in Information Technology Require and Support Supply Chain Modeling

(2)

Organizational Adaptation to Integrated Supply Chain Management and Modeling

(4)

Notes

(1)

References

(2)

Information Technology

(32)

Developments in Enterprise Resource Planning Systems and E-Commerce

(6)

ERP Systems

(1)

E-Commerce

(4)

Comparison of Transactional IT and Analytical IT

(4)

Time Frame Addressed

(1)

Purpose

(1)

Business Scope

(1)

Nature of Databases

(1)

Response Time for Queries

(1)

Implications for Business Process Redesign

(1)

Hierarchy of Supply Chain Systems

(13)

Components of the Supply Chain System Hierarchy

(6)

Frequency of Analysis, Cycle Times, and Run Times of Supply Chain Systems

(1)

Communication Among Supply Chain Systems of Data and Decisions

(7)

Balancing Centralized and Decentralized Decision Making

(1)

Legacy Systems and Legacy Thinking

(2)

Final Thoughts

(6)

Exercises

(1)

Notes

(2)

References

(2)

PART TWO Modeling and Solution Methods

(216)

Fundamentals of Optimization Models: Linear Programming

(62)

Linear Programming Modeling Examples

(20)

Resource Allocation Model

(4)

Infeasible and Unbounded Models

(1)

Spreadsheet Optimization

(2)

Multiperiod Resource Allocation Model

(6)

Network Models

(6)

Properties of Linear Programming Models

(7)

Linearity

(4)

Separability and Additivity

(1)

Indivisibility and Continuity

(1)

Single Objective Function

(1)

Data Known with Certainty

(1)

Interpreting an Optimal Linear Programming Solution

(10)

Shadow Prices

(2)

Reduced Cost Coefficients

(2)

Dual Linear Programming Model

(2)

Parametric and Sensitivity Analysis

(3)

Multiple Objective Optimization

101

(3)

Stochastic Programming

104

(5)

Generalizations

109

(1)

Final Thoughts

109

(16)

Exercises

110

(3)

Notes

113

(1)

References

114

(1)

Appendix 3.A The Simplex Method of Linear Programming

115

(10)

Fundamentals of Optimization Models: Mixed Integer Programming

125

(52)

Mixed Integer Programming Modeling Vignettes

126

(7)

Fixed Costs

127

(3)

Economies of Scale

130

(1)

Production Changeovers

131

(1)

Multiple Choice and Other Nonnumeric Constraints

132

(1)

Distribution Center Location Models

133

(6)

DC Location Model

134

(4)

Generalizations

138

(1)

Supply Chain Network Optimization Models

139

(12)

Strategic Planning at Ajax

139

(12)

Generalizations

151

(1)

Designing and Implementing Optimization Modeling Systems for Strategic and Tactical Planning

151

(7)

System Design

152

(2)

System Implementation

154

(4)

Optimization Software

158

(5)

Optimizers

159

(2)

Algebraic Modeling Language Development Kits

161

(2)

Spreadsheet Optimizers

163

(1)

Final Thoughts

163

(14)

Exercises

164

(2)

Notes

166

(1)

References

167

(2)

Appendix 4.A The Branch-and-Bound Method for Mixed Integer Programming

169

(8)

Unified Optimization Methodology for Operational Planning Problems

177

(48)

Heuristic Methods for Combinatorial Optimization Problems

179

(9)

Local Delivery Heuristics

180

(8)

Overview of the Unified Optimization Methodology

188

(9)

Production Scheduling Example of Decomposition

189

(4)

Unified Optimization Methodology

193

(4)

Unified Optimization Methodology Applied to Vehicle Routing

197

(10)

Statements of the Optimization Models

198

(4)

Numerical Solution

202

(3)

Generalizations

205

(2)

Unified Optimization Methodology Applied to Production Scheduling

207

(11)

Company Background and Numerical Data

207

(2)

Unified Optimization Methodology Specialized to Goodstone's Production Scheduling Problem

209

(4)

Production Scheduling Solution

213

(5)

Generalizations

218

(1)

Final Thoughts

218

(7)

Exercises

219

(3)

Notes

222

(1)

References

223

(2)

Supply Chain Decision Databases

225

(52)

Data Aggregations

228

(4)

Aggregating Products

229

(2)

Aggregating Customers and Markets

231

(1)

Aggregating Suppliers

232

(1)

Facility Data

232

(5)

Recipes, Processes, Resources, and Costs

232

(5)

Transportation Network Data

237

(5)

Transportation Network Submodels

237

(3)

Transportation Costs and Capacities

240

(1)

Modal Choice and Shipment Sizes

241

(1)

Utilities for Generating Networks

242

(1)

Supplier Data

242

(3)

Vendor Costs and Constraints

243

(2)

Role of Management Accounting

245

(12)

Develop Causal Cost Relationships of Direct and Indirect Costs

247

(1)

Activity-Based Costing

248

(2)

Connection of ABC to Optimization Models and the Taxonomy of Costs

250

(1)

Computation of Transfer Prices, Product and Customer Costs from an Optimal Solution to a Supply Chain Model

250

(7)

Demand Forecasting

257

(4)

Background

257

(1)

Types of Forecasting Models

258

(2)

Demand Data Specifications for Optimization Models

260

(1)

Forecasting Software

261

(1)

Global and Policy Data

261

(1)

Model Output Data

262

(4)

Management Reports of Output Data

263

(1)

Shadow Prices and Reduced Costs

264

(1)

Derived Output

265

(1)

Connections Among Supply Chain Decision Databases

266

(4)

Scenarios

267

(1)

Multiperiod Decision Databases

268

(1)

Hierarchies

269

(1)

Graphical Displays of Data Inputs and Outputs

270

(1)

Final Thoughts

271

(6)

Exercises

273

(1)

Notes

274

(1)

References

275

(2)

PART THREE APPLICATIONS

277

(240)

Strategic and Tactical Supply Chain Planning: State-of-the-Art Modeling Applications

279

(44)

Resources and the Resource-Based View of the Firm

281

(5)

Taxonomy of Resources

281

(1)

Summary of the Resource-Based View of the Firm

282

(1)

Connections with Optimization Models

283

(3)

Strategic Analysis of Logistics Supply Chains

286

(6)

A Framework for Logistics Strategy Formation

286

(3)

Constructing an Optimization Model for Strategic Logistics Planning

289

(3)

Redesigning the Distribution Network of an Electronics Products Company

292

(2)

Strategic Analysis of Manufacturing Supply Chains

294

(8)

A Framework for Manufacturing Strategy Formation

294

(4)

Constructing an Optimization Model for Strategic Manufacturing Planning

298

(4)

Two Manufacturing Strategy Applications

302

(8)

Worldwide Sourcing at Delta Industrial Chemicals

303

(3)

Postmerger Consolidation of Consumer Paper Companies

306

(4)

Tactical Planning

310

(2)

Two Tactical Planning Applications

312

(4)

Monthly Planning at an Industrial Gases Company

312

(3)

Monthly Planning at a Beer Company

315

(1)

Final Thoughts

316

(7)

Exercises

317

(2)

Notes

319

(1)

References

320

(3)

Strategic and Tactical Supply Chain Planning: Advanced Modeling Applications

323

(68)

Integrating Supply Chain and Demand Management

324

(2)

Price and Location Sensitive Revenue Curves

326

(4)

Integrating Supply Chain and Marketing Models for Consumer Products

330

(16)

Consumer Products Supply Chains

331

(2)

Modeling the Effects of Marketing Decisions on Demand for Consumer Products

333

(4)

Integrating Supply Chain and Marketing Models for Manufacturers of Consumer Products

337

(3)

Illustrative Numerical Model

340

(6)

Planning for New Product Introduction and Growth

346

(3)

Optimization Models for Competitive Analysis

349

(13)

Structural Analysis of Industries

349

(2)

Theory of Industrial Organization

351

(2)

A Model of Price Competition

353

(2)

Illustrative Numerical Model

355

(7)

Application of Competitive Analysis in the Forest Products Industry

362

(2)

Practical Issues of Price Competition

363

(1)

Decision Trees and Stochastic Programming

364

(11)

Decision Trees

366

(4)

An Inventory Example of Stochastic Programming

370

(5)

Supply Chain Strategies for Managing Product Variety

375

(7)

Exploit Component Commonality and Postponement of Product Differentiation

376

(1)

Assemble Differentiated Products from Vanilla Boxes

377

(1)

Implement Quick Response to Early Sales

378

(4)

Scenario Planning

382

(2)

Methodology

382

(2)

Connections to Optimization Modeling

384

(1)

Final Thoughts

384

(7)

Exercises

386

(1)

Notes

387

(2)

References

389

(2)

Integration of Financial and Physical Supply Chains

391

(38)

Optimization Models for Corporate Financial Planning

392

(10)

Modeling the Balance Sheet

393

(2)

Numerical Example of an Optimization Model for Corporate Financial Planning

395

(6)

Model and Methodological Extensions

401

(1)

Financial Planning Issues Facing the Multinational Corporation

402

(1)

A Network Illustration

403

(3)

Financial Flows Model

406

(9)

Statement of the Financial Flows Model

408

(4)

Financial Flows Model Results

412

(3)

Modeling Exchange Rate Risks

415

(4)

Real Options for Hedging Risks in the Global Economy

419

(2)

Final Thoughts

421

(8)

Exercises

422

(4)

Notes

426

(1)

References

427

(2)

Operational Supply Chain Planning

429

(48)

Taxonomies of Operational Planning Problems

430

(11)

Production Planning and Scheduling

431

(7)

Vehicle Routing and Scheduling

438

(2)

Human Resources Scheduling

440

(1)

Modeling Systems for Operational Planning

441

(7)

System Integration

441

(2)

Steps to Follow in Using a System

443

(3)

Real-Time Operational Planning

446

(1)

Other Uses of a Modeling System

447

(1)

Training, Learning, and System Evolution

447

(1)

Vehicle Routing System for an E-Commerce Company

448

(7)

Company Background

449

(1)

Routing System Description and Use

450

(5)

Driver Assignment

455

(1)

Production Planning System for a Semiconductor Company

455

(8)

Manufacturing and Marketing Background

456

(2)

Planning and Modeling Approaches

458

(3)

Implementation

461

(1)

Results

462

(1)

Simulation Models and Systems

463

(7)

Deterministic Simulation

463

(1)

Monte Carlo Simulation

463

(5)

Simulation Software

468

(1)

Simulation versus Optimization

469

(1)

Final Thoughts

470

(7)

Exercises

471

(3)

Notes

474

(1)

References

475

(2)

Inventory Management

477

(40)

Inventory Theory Models

479

(7)

Deterministic Models

479

(2)

Probabilistic Models

481

(4)

ABC Classification

485

(1)

Incorporating Inventory Management Decisions in Strategic and Tactical Supply Chain Models

486

(9)

Incorporating Inventory Management Decisions in Strategic Supply Chain Models

487

(5)

Incorporating Inventory Management Decisions in Tactical Supply Chain Models

492

(3)

Inventory Management in Distribution Supply Chains

495

(9)

Distribution Scheduling in a Reverse Logistics Company

495

(5)

Multiechelon Spare Parts Distribution System at IBM

500

(4)

Inventory Management in Manufacturing Supply Chains

504

(8)

Optimizing Inventory across Hewlett-Packard's Printer Supply Chains

504

(4)

Optimal Safety Stock Placement in Kodak's Manufacturing Supply Chains

508

(4)

Final Thoughts

512

(5)

Exercises

514

(1)

Notes

515

(1)

References

516

(1)

PART FOUR The Future

517

(60)

Organizational Adaptation to Optimization Modeling Systems

519

(58)

How Organizations Make Decisions

521

(6)

The Theory of Rational Choice versus the Reality of Organizational Behavior

522

(2)

Uncertainty and Risk

524

(1)

Rule-Based Decision Making

524

(1)

Deriving Meaning from the Decision Environment

525

(1)

Decision-Making Ecologies

526

(1)

Contested Issues about Organizational Decision Making

527

(12)

Choice-Based versus Rule-Based Decision Making

528

(2)

Clear versus Ambiguous Decision Making

530

(5)

Instrumental versus Interpretive Decision Making

535

(3)

Supply Chain Management as an Interacting Ecology

538

(1)

Information Technology as Competitive Advantage

539

(8)

Recent History of IT as Competitive Advantage

539

(1)

Resource-Based Analysis

540

(1)

Attributes of IT as Possible Sources of Competitive Advantage

541

(3)

Complementary Organizational Resources

544

(3)

Exploitative versus Exploratory IT Developments

547

(3)

Acquisition or Development of a Modeling System

548

(1)

Use of a Modeling System

549

(1)

Enhancement of a Modeling System

550

(1)

Business Process Redesign and IT

550

(7)

Modeling Systems Invoke Business Process Redesign

553

(4)

Supply Chain Coordination Processes and Incentive Contracts

557

(5)

Selecting Coordination Processes

558

(1)

Principal-Agent Theories of Incentives

559

(3)

No Gain without Pain

562

(5)

Stages of a Strategic Supply Chain Study

563

(3)

Summary

566

(1)

Outlook for the Future of Modeling Systems and Their Applications

567

(10)

Exercises

572

(1)

Notes

573

(2)

References

575

(2)

Index

577

(6)

Credits

583

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Modeling the Supply Chain

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials