Modern Analytical Methodologies in Fat- and Water-Soluble Vitamins

, by Song, Won O.; Beecher, Gary R.; Eitenmiller, Ronald R.; Winefordner, James D.

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ISBN: 9780471179429 | 0471179426
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/27/2000

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This self-contained book provides modern and practical analytical methodologies for the assays in foods, pharmaceuticals and clinical samples. It covers the fat-soluble Vitamins: A, beta-carotene, D, E and K as well as the water soluble vitamins, C, folate, thiamin, biotin, pyridoxin and cyancobalims.

Contributors

Preface

xvii

Cumulative Listing of Volumes in Series

xix

PART 1 FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Vitamin A

(48)

Thomas Arnhold

Heinz Nau

Ralph Ruehl

Introduction

(4)

Sample Collection, Handling, and Storage

(1)

Sample Preparation

(7)

General principles

(1)

Precipitation, Dilution, and Solvent Extraction

(2)

Saponification

(1)

Enzymatic Reactions

(1)

Solid-Phase Extraction

(1)

Sample Preparation Coupled On-Line to HPLC

(2)

Reference Standards

(1)

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

(18)

General Considerations

(3)

Determination of Total Vitamin A

(1)

Separation of Geometric isomers

(6)

Separation of Retinoid Classes According to Their Polarity

(5)

Vitamin A, Vitamin E, and Carotenoids

(3)

Other Liquid Chromatographic Methods

(1)

Microbore-LC

(1)

HPLC of Retinol Bound to RBP

(1)

Gas Chromatography

(1)

Capillary Electrophoresis

(3)

Bioassays

(12)

References

(12)

Vitamin D

(30)

Micheal F. Holick

Origins of Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3

(3)

Metabolism and Biologic Functions of Vitamin D

(1)

Measurement of Vitamin D Bioactivity

(1)

Modern Methods for Determining the Vitamin D Content in Blood

(1)

Strategies for Determining Circulating Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D

(10)

Strategies for Determining Circulating Concentrations of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D

(7)

Measurement of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and 25,26-Dihydroxyvitamin D

(1)

Clinical Utility for Assays for Vitamin D and its Metabolities

(2)

Vitamin D

(1)

25-Hydroxyvitamin D

(1)

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D

(1)

Other Metabolities

(1)

Conclusion

(5)

References

(4)

Determination of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Foods and tissues

(48)

Vieno I. Piironen

Introduction

(1)

Vitamin E Compounds in Foods and tissues

(3)

Structure and Nomenclature

(2)

Significance of Different Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Foods and Tissues

(1)

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

(27)

Sample Preparation

(6)

HPLC Separation

(16)

Detection

107

(4)

Quantification

111

(1)

Gas Chromatography

112

(1)

Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Chromatography

112

(1)

Determination of Stereoisomers

113

(1)

Future Development

114

(15)

References

115

(14)

Vitamin K

129

(42)

Sarah L. Booth

Kenneth W. Davidson

James A. Sadowski

Gregory G. Dolnikowski

Introduction

129

(4)

Determination of Phylloquinone by HPLC

133

(13)

Analytical Conditions

133

(3)

Extraction Methods for Biological Tissues

136

(3)

Extraction Methods for Foods and Beverages

139

(2)

Internal Standards

141

(1)

Analytical Variation

142

(2)

Factors Affecting Phylloquinone Concentrations

144

(2)

Determination of Phylloquinone Metabolities and Hydrogenation Products

146

(7)

Gas Chromatography--Mass Spectrometry

146

(3)

Simultaneous Determination of Phylloquinone and 2',3'-Dihydro-phylloquinone

149

(2)

Simultaneous Determination of Phylloquinone and Phylloquinone 2,3-Epoxide

151

(2)

Determination of Menaquinones by HPLC

153

(2)

Other Indicators of Vitamin K Nutritional Status

155

(3)

Overview

155

(1)

Urinary γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid

156

(1)

PIVKA-II

157

(1)

Serum Osteocalcin

157

(1)

Summary

158

(13)

References

160

(11)

Simultaneous Determination of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Food, Feed, and Serum

171

(54)

Ronald R. Eitenmiller

W. O. Landen, Jr.

Introduction

171

(1)

Simultaneous Analysis of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Food and Feed

172

(21)

Margarine and Oils

172

(12)

Milk, Infant Formula, and Cheese

184

(7)

Cereals

191

(1)

Miscellaneous Foods

191

(2)

An Integrated Approach to Fat-Soluble Vitamin Analysis of Foods

193

(2)

Simultaneous Analysis of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Serum or Plasma

195

(20)

Retinol and α-Tocopherol

205

(1)

Vitamin K1 and α-Tocopherol

206

(1)

Simultaneous Analysis of Multiple Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Serum or Plasma

207

(8)

Concluding Comments

215

(10)

References

215

(10)

PART 2 WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Thiamin

225

(28)

Ronald R. Eitenmiller

W. O. Landen, Jr.

Introduction

225

(1)

Properties

226

(3)

Chemistry

226

(1)

Stability

227

(2)

Methodology

229

(17)

Microbiological Methods for Thiamin Analysis

230

(2)

Chemical Methods for Thiamin Analysis

232

(2)

HPLC Methods for Analysis of Thiamin and Thiamin Phosphate Esters

234

(12)

Conclusion

246

(7)

References

246

(7)

Riboflavin

253

(38)

Ronald R. Eitenmiller

W. O. Landen, Jr.

Introduction

253

(1)

Properties

254

(4)

Chemistry

254

(3)

Stability

257

(1)

Methodology

258

(20)

Microbiological Methods for Riboflavin Analysis

258

(1)

Chemical Methods for Riboflavin Analysis

259

(3)

HPLC Methods

262

(16)

Concluding Comments

278

(13)

References

283

(8)

Vitamin B6

291

(22)

Stephen P. Coburn

Introduction

291

(1)

Processing of Standards and Samples

291

(3)

Fluorometric Methods

294

(1)

Enzymatic Methods

295

(1)

Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

295

(1)

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

296

(3)

Electrophoresis

299

(1)

Microbiological Assay

299

(2)

Immunoassay

301

(1)

4-Pyridoxic Acid

301

(1)

Other Metabolities

301

(1)

Assessment of Vitamin B6 Status

302

(2)

Conclusions

304

(9)

References

305

(8)

Vitamin B12

313

(16)

Edward V. Quadros

Introduction

313

(2)

Principle

313

(2)

Cobalamin Binding Proteins

315

(1)

Materials

316

(1)

Reagents

316

(1)

Preparation of Reagents

316

(1)

Preparation of Binding Proteins

317

(2)

HC as the Binding Protein

317

(1)

TC as the Binding Protein

318

(1)

IF as the Binding Protein

318

(1)

Antibody to Cbl as the Binding Protein

318

(1)

Standardization of Binding Proteins

319

(1)

Extraction of Cbl from Serum or Plasma

320

(1)

Extraction of Cbl from Cells or Tissues

320

(1)

Assay Protocol

321

(1)

General Comments on Assay Protocol

322

(1)

Interpretation of results

323

(6)

References

325

(4)

Niacin

329

(22)

Shunitz Tanaka

Introduction

329

(2)

General Methods

331

(1)

Sample Preparation

331

(1)

Chemical Methods

332

(1)

Microbiological Methods

332

(1)

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

332

(6)

Capillary Electrophoresis

338

(3)

Improvement of Chemical and Biological Methods

341

(2)

Chemical Assay

341

(1)

Microbiological Assay

342

(1)

Electrochemical Detection

343

(8)

Niacin

343

(1)

NADH and NADPH

344

(2)

References

346

(5)

Pantothenate

351

(38)

Won O. Song

Carl T. Wittwer

Bonita W. Wyse

Biological Importance

351

(8)

Derivatives and Salts of Pantothenic Acid

359

(6)

Analytical methods for Pantothenic Acid

365

(13)

Bioassays

366

(6)

Immunoassays

372

(5)

Chemical and Other Assays

377

(1)

Analytical Methods for Measuring CoA and Intermediates

378

(11)

Measurement of CoA

378

(4)

Measurement of CoA Intermediates

382

(1)

References

383

(6)

Biotin

389

(22)

Janos Zempleni

Donald M. Mock

Introduction

389

(3)

Microbiological Assays

392

(1)

Avidin-Binding Assays

393

(2)

Microbial Versus Avidin-Binding Assays

395

(1)

Chromatographic Procedures

396

(1)

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

396

(1)

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

396

(1)

Thin-Layer Chromatographjy and Paper Chromatography

396

(1)

Radiosotopes of Biotin

397

(1)

Analysis of Biotin-Dependent Carboxylases

397

(2)

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

399

(1)

Pyruvate Carboxylase, Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase, and β-Methylcrotonoyl-CoA Carboxylase

399

(1)

Biotin Metabolities in Biological fluids

399

(1)

Biotin Metabolites in Food

400

(11)

References

402

(9)

Vitamin C

411

(36)

Steven C. Rumsey

Mark Levine

Introduction

411

(4)

Stability, Sensitivity, and Substance Inerference

415

(2)

Colorimetric/Spectrometric Assays

417

(2)

Assays Based on Ascorbic Acid as a Reducing Agent

417

(1)

Dinitrophenylhydrazine Derivatization by Dehydroascorbic Acid and 2,3-Diketogulonic Acid

418

(1)

Spectrophotometric Assay of dehydroascorbic Acid

418

(1)

Fluoremetric Assays

419

(1)

Gas--Liquid Chromatography

420

(1)

Enzymatic Assays

421

(1)

Capillary Zone Electrophoresis

422

(1)

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

422

(8)

HPLC with Ultraviolet Detection

423

(1)

HPLC with Fluorescence Detection

424

(1)

HPLC with Electrochemical Detection

425

(1)

HPLC with Amperometric Detection

425

(2)

HPLC with Coulometric Detection

427

(1)

HPLC Analysis of Dehydroascorbic Acid

428

(2)

Assays of Semidehydroascorbic Acid

430

(1)

Flow Injection Assay

430

(1)

In Vivo Assays

431

(1)

Assay Comparisons

432

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

433

(14)

References

434

(13)

Index

447

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Modern Analytical Methodologies in Fat- and Water-Soluble Vitamins

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials