Modern Cosmology

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ISBN: 9780750308106 | 0750308109
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/1/2001

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Based on lectures given to postgraduate students, this volume gathers contributions from a number of international scientists currently working in various research fields in cosmology. Of interest to students, researchers in relativity, gravitation, cosmology, and astrophysics.

Preface

xiii

The physics of the early universe (an overview)

(8)

Silvio Bonometto

The physics of the early universe: an overview

(8)

The middle-age cosmology

(2)

Inflationary theories

(2)

Links between cosmology and particale physics

(1)

Basic questions and tentative answers

(2)

An introduction to the physics of cosmology

(99)

John A Peacock

Aspects of general relativity

(4)

The equivalence principle

(1)

Applications of gravitational time dilation

(1)

The energy-momentum tensor

(3)

Relativistic fluid mechanics

(2)

The field equations

(3)

Newtonian limit

(1)

Pressure as a source of gravity

(1)

Energy density of the vacuum

(2)

The Friedmann models

(13)

Cosmological coordinates

(2)

The redshift

(1)

Dynamics of the expansion

(2)

Solutions to the Friedmann equation

(3)

Horizons

(1)

Observations in cosmology

(2)

The meaning of an expanding universe

(3)

Inflationary cosmology

(15)

Inflation field dynamics

(2)

Ending inflation

(2)

Relic fluctuations from inflation

(2)

Gravity waves and tilt

(2)

Evidence for vacuum energy at late times

(1)

Cosmic coincidence

(4)

Dynamics of structure formation

(11)

Linear perturbations

(3)

Dynamical effects of radiation

(3)

The peculiar velocity field

(1)

Transfer functions

(3)

The spherical model

(1)

Quantifying large-scale structure

(28)

Fourier analysis of density fluctuations

(2)

The CDM model

(2)

Karhunen-Loeve and all that

(5)

Projection on the sky

(4)

Nonlinear clustering: a problem for CDM?

(2)

Real-space and redshift-space clustering

(2)

The state of the art in LSS

(5)

Galaxy formation and biased clustering

(5)

Cosmic background fluctuations

(22)

The hot big bang and the microwave background

(2)

Mechanisms for primary fluctuations

(2)

The temperature power spectrum

(3)

Large-scale fluctuations and CMB power spectrum

(2)

Predictions of CMB anisotropies

(2)

Geometrical degeneracy

(3)

Small-scale data and outlook

100

(4)

References

104

(4)

Cosmological models

108

(51)

George F R Ellis

Introduction

108

(4)

Spacetime

109

(1)

Field equations

109

(1)

Matter description

110

(1)

Cosmology

111

(1)

1+3 covariant description: variables

112

(3)

Average 4-velocity of matter

112

(1)

Kinematic quantities

113

(1)

Matter tensor

114

(1)

Electromagnetic field

114

(1)

Weyl tensor

115

(1)

1+3 Covariant description: equations

115

(6)

Energy-momentum conservation equations

115

(1)

Ricci identities

116

(3)

Bianchi identities

119

(1)

Implications

120

(1)

Shear-free dust

120

(1)

Tetrad description

121

(3)

General tetrad formalism

121

(2)

Tetrad formalism in cosmology

123

(1)

Complete set

124

(1)

Models and symmetries

124

(6)

Symmetries of cosmologies

124

(3)

Classification of cosmological symmetries

127

(3)

Friedmann-Lemaitre models

130

(2)

Phase planes and evolutionary paths

131

(1)

Spatial topology

131

(1)

Growth of inhomogeneity

132

(1)

Bianchi universes (s = 3)

132

(7)

Constructing Bianchi universes

133

(1)

Dynamical systems approach

134

(4)

Isotropization properties

138

(1)

Observations and horizons

139

(7)

Observational variables and relations: FL models

139

(2)

Particle horizons and visual horizons

141

(1)

Small universes

141

(1)

Observations in anisotropic and inhomogeneous models

142

(1)

Proof of almost-FL geometry

143

(3)

Importance of consistency checks

146

(1)

Explaining homogeneity and structure

146

(8)

Showing initial conditions are irrelevant

147

(3)

The explanation of initial conditions

150

(3)

The irremovable problem

153

(1)

Conclusion

154

(5)

References

154

(5)

Inflationary cosmology and creation of matter in the universe

159

(27)

Andrei D Linde

Introduction

159

(1)

Brief history of inflation

160

(4)

Chaotic inflation

161

(3)

Quantum fluctuations in the inflationary universe

164

(4)

Quantum fluctuations and density perturbations

168

(1)

From the big bang theory to the theory of eternal inflation

169

(3)

(P)reheating after inflation

172

(11)

Conclusions

183

(3)

References

183

(3)

Dark matter and particle physics

186

(25)

Antonio Masiero

Silvia Pascoli

Introduction

186

(2)

The SM of particle physics

188

(4)

The Higgs mechanism and vector boson masses

189

(2)

Fermion masses

191

(1)

Successes and difficulties of the SM

192

(1)

The dark matter problem: experimental evidence

192

(2)

Lepton number violation and neutrinos as HDM candidates

194

(4)

Experimental limits on neutrion masses

194

(1)

Neutrino masses in the SM and beyond

195

(1)

Thermal history of neutrinos

196

(1)

HDM and structure formation

197

(1)

Low-energy SUSY and DM

198

(5)

Neutralinos as the LSP in SUSY models

198

(1)

Neutralinos in the minimal supersymmetric SM

199

(1)

Thermal history of neutralinos and ΩCDM

200

(2)

CDM models and structure formation

202

(1)

Warm dark matter

203

(1)

Thermal history of light gravitinos and WDM models

203

(1)

Dark energy, ACDM and xCDM or QCDM

204

(7)

ACDM models

205

(1)

Scalar field cosmology and quintessence

206

(1)

References

207

(4)

Supergravity and cosmology

211

(8)

Renata Kallosh

M/string theory and supergravity

211

(1)

Superconformal symmetry, supergravity and cosmology

212

(3)

Gravitino production after inflation

215

(1)

Super-Higgs effect in cosmology

216

(1)

Mp → ∞ limit

217

(2)

References

218

(1)

The cosmic microwave background

219

(45)

Arthur Kosowsky

A brief historical perspective

220

(2)

Physics of temperature fluctuations

222

(7)

Causes of temperature fluctuations

223

(1)

A formal description

224

(2)

Tight coupling

226

(1)

Free-streaming

227

(1)

Diffusion damping

227

(1)

The resulting power spectrum

228

(1)

Physics of polarization fluctuations

229

(5)

Stokes parameters

230

(1)

Thomson scattering and the quadrupolar source

231

(1)

Harmonic expansions and power spectra

232

(2)

Acoustic oscillations

234

(5)

An oscillator equation

235

(1)

Initial conditions

236

(1)

Coherent oscillations

237

(1)

The effect of baryons

238

(1)

Cosmological models and constraints

239

(12)

A space of models

239

(2)

Physical quantities

241

(1)

Power spectrum degeneracies

242

(2)

Idealized experiments

244

(3)

Current constraints and upcoming experiments

247

(4)

Model-independent cosmological constraints

251

(7)

Flatness

252

(2)

Coherent acoustic oscillations

254

(1)

Adiabatic primordial perturbations

254

(1)

Gaussian primordial perturbations

255

(1)

Tensor or vector perturbations

255

(2)

Reionization redshift

257

(1)

Magnetic fields

257

(1)

The topology of the universe

257

(1)

Finale: testing inflationary cosmology

258

(6)

References

261

(3)

Dark matter search with innovative techniques

264

(18)

Andrea Giuliani

CDM direct detection

264

(7)

Status of the DM problem

264

(1)

Neutralinos

265

(1)

The galactic halo

266

(1)

Strategies for WIMP direct detection

267

(4)

Phonon-mediated particle detection

271

(2)

Basic principles

272

(1)

The energy absorber

272

(1)

Phonon sensors

273

(1)

Innovative techniques based on phonon-mediated devices

273

(6)

Basic principles of double readout detectors

273

(1)

CDMS, EDELWEISS and CRESST experiments

274

(2)

Discussion of the CDMS results

276

(3)

Other innovative techniques

279

(3)

References

280

(2)

Signature for signals from the dark universe The DAMA Collaboration

282

(14)

Introduction

282

(3)

The highly radiopure ~100 kg Nal (T) set-up

285

(1)

Investigation of the WIMP annual modulation signature

286

(6)

Results of the model-independent approach

286

(1)

Main points on the investigation of possible systematics in the new DAMA/Nal-3 and 4 running periods

287

(3)

Results of a model-dependent analysis

290

(2)

DAMA annual modulation result versus CDMS exclusion plot

292

(2)

Conclusion

294

(2)

References

295

(1)

Neutrino oscillations: a phenomenological overview

296

(16)

GianLuigi Fogli

Introduction

296

(1)

Three-neutrino mixing and oscillations

297

(1)

Analysis of the atmospheric data

298

(4)

Analysis of the solar data

302

(7)

Total rates and expectations

302

(3)

Two-flavour oscillations in vacuum

305

(1)

Two-flavour oscillations in matter

305

(3)

Three-flavour oscillations in matter

308

(1)

Conclusions

309

(3)

References

311

(1)

Highlights in modern observational cosmology

312

(32)

Piero Rosati

Synopsis

312

(1)

The cosmological fremework

312

(9)

Friedmann cosmological background

313

(1)

Observables in cosmology

314

(3)

Applications

317

(4)

Galaxy surveys

321

(13)

Overview

321

(1)

Survey strategies and selection methods

322

(3)

Galaxy counts and evolution

325

(3)

Colour selection techniques

328

(3)

Star formation history in the universe

331

(3)

Cluster surveys

334

(10)

Clusters as cosmological probes

334

(3)

Cluster search methods

337

(2)

Determining Ωm and ΩΛ

339

(3)

References

342

(2)

Clustering in the universe: from highly nonlinear structures to homogeneity

344

(23)

Luigi Guzzo

Introduction

344

(1)

The clustering of galaxies

344

(3)

Our distorted view of the galaxy distribution

347

(6)

Is the universe fractal?

353

(6)

Scaling laws

353

(2)

Observational evidences

355

(2)

Scaling in Fourier space

357

(2)

Do we really see homogeneity? Variance on ~1000h-1 Mpc scales

359

(4)

The REFLEX cluster survey

359

(2)

'Peaks and valleys' in the power spectrum

361

(2)

Conclusions

363

(4)

References

364

(3)

The debate on galaxy space distribution: an overview

367

(11)

Marco Montuori

Luciano Pietronero

Introduction

367

(1)

The standard approach of clustering correlation

367

(1)

Criticisms of the standard approach

368

(1)

Mass-length relation and conditional density

369

(1)

Homogeneous and fractal structure

369

(1)

ξ (r) for a fractal structure

369

(1)

Galaxy surveys

370

(2)

Angular samples

371

(1)

Redshift samples

371

(1)

Γ (r) analysis

372

(2)

Interpretation of standard results

374

(4)

References

376

(2)

Gravitational lensing

378

(42)

Philippe Jetzer

Introduction

378

(3)

Historical remarks

379

(2)

Lens equation

381

(9)

Point-like lenses

381

(2)

Thin lens approximation

383

(1)

Lens equation

384

(2)

Remarks on the lens equation

386

(4)

Simple lens models

390

(8)

Axially symmetric lenses

390

(3)

Schwarzschild lens

393

(2)

Singular isothermal sphere

395

(1)

Generalization of the singular isothermal sphere

396

(1)

Extended source

397

(1)

Two point-mass lens

398

(1)

Galactic microlensing

398

(8)

Introduction

398

(8)

The lens equation in cosmology

406

(3)

Hubble constant from time delays

409

(1)

Galaxy clusters as lenses

409

(11)

Weak lensing

413

(3)

Comparison with results from x-ray observations

416

(1)

References

417

(3)

Numerical simulations in cosmology

420

(54)

Anatoly Klypin

Synopsis

420

(1)

Methods

421

(18)

Introduction

421

(2)

Equations of evolution of fluctuations in an expanding universe

423

(2)

Initial conditions

425

(4)

Codes

429

(4)

Effects of resolution

433

(4)

Halo identification

437

(2)

Spatial and velocity biases

439

(12)

Introduction

439

(1)

Oh, bias, bias

440

(2)

Spatial bias

442

(5)

Velocity bias

447

(4)

Conclusions

451

(1)

Dark matter halos

451

(23)

Introduction

451

(3)

Dark matter halos: the NFW and the Moore et al profiles

454

(3)

Properties of dark matter halos

457

(5)

Halo profiles: convergence study

462

(9)

References

471

(3)

Index

474

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Modern Cosmology

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Modern Cosmology

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