A Modern Course in English Syntax

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ISBN: 9780415036849 | 0415036844
Cover: Nonspecific Binding
Copyright: 12/22/1995

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A Modern Course in English Syntaxprovides intermediate and advanced students of linguistics and English with a systematic account of the rules of English syntax, and acquaints them with the general methodology of syntactic description. It teaches them how to formulate syntactic arguments, and how to apply the right criteria and tests in the analysis of sentences. The technical terms and concepts needed for discussing English structures are presented step-by-step and all terms are clearly defined and amply illustrated as they are introduced. The text is interspersed throughout with exercises and practical assignments which students will find both useful and enjoyable.

Preface

(4)

Aims and Methods

What is Syntax?

(1)

Representing Sentence Structure

(9)

Bracketing

(2)

Labelled Bracketing

(2)

Tree Diagrams and Phrase Structure Rules

(3)

Sentence and Discourse

(2)

Exercises

(1)

Constituency Tests

(6)

Variations on Basic Sentence Patterns

(1)

Clefting

(2)

Pseudo-clefting

(1)

Passivisation

(1)

Pronominalisation

(1)

Fronting

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Constituents

Introduction

(4)

Exercise

(1)

Word Order

(2)

Constituents

(1)

Sentences

(4)

Simple Declarative and Interrogative Sentences

(1)

Compound and Complex Sentences

(3)

Exercise

(1)

Clauses

(6)

Exercises

(1)

Phrases

(21)

Introduction

(1)

Noun Phrases

(1)

Elements before the Head

(1)

Pronouns

(3)

One-word Phrases

(1)

Elements after the Head

(1)

Summing up the NP

(1)

Exercise

(1)

Verb Phrases

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Verb Complements

(3)

Elements before the Head

(2)

The First Auxiliary in the VP

(2)

Summing up the VP

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Prepositional Phrases

(1)

Summing up the PP

(1)

Exercise

(1)

Adjective Phrases

(1)

Summing up the AdjP

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Adverb Phrases

(1)

Summing up the AdvP

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Words

(7)

Introduction

(1)

Word Classes: the Distribution of Words

(1)

Nouns

(1)

Verbs

(1)

Adjectives

(1)

Adverbs

(1)

Prepositions

(1)

Conjunctions

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Functions

Introduction: the Verb and its Complements

(3)

Grammatical Functions

(2)

Exercises

(1)

Grammatical Functions in S

(3)

Subject

(2)

Predicate

(1)

Sentence Adjuncts

(1)

Grammatical Functions in VP

(27)

Predicative Complements

(1)

Exercise

(1)

Direct Object

(1)

Exercise

(1)

Indirect Object

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Adverbial Complements with Intransitive Verbs

(3)

Exercise

(1)

Adverbial Complements with Transitive Verbs

(1)

Exercise

(1)

Predicative Complement + Adverbial Complement: a Complex Function

(2)

Exercise

(1)

Verb Patterns and Functions: a Summary

(1)

Exercise

(2)

Adjuncts and Complements

(1)

Exercise

(1)

Sentence Adjuncts and VP-Adjuncts

(3)

Exercise

(1)

Predicative Adjuncts

(4)

Exercise

(1)

Functions of Clauses

(1)

Finite Clauses

(3)

Non-finite and Verbless Clauses

(2)

Empty Subjects in Non-finite and Verbless Clauses

(2)

Grammatical Functions in Phrases: a Brief Survey

(3)

Exercises

(2)

Processes

Introduction

101

(2)

Leftward Movement: Wh-movement and Related Transformations

103

(28)

Questions: Different Types

103

(1)

Subject-Auxiliary Inversion

103

(2)

Do-insertion

105

(1)

Exercise

106

(1)

Wh-movement

107

(1)

Subcategorisation Frames and Wh-movement

108

(3)

Exercise

111

(1)

Prepositional Phrases in Wh-questions

111

(1)

Wh-movement of Subjects

112

(1)

Wh-movement and S

112

(1)

Exercises

113

(1)

Indirect Questions

113

(1)

Indirect Yes-No Questions

113

(1)

Indirect Wh-questions

114

(1)

Long Wh-movement

115

(1)

Relative Clauses

116

(3)

Exercise

119

(1)

The Meaning of Relative Clauses

119

(1)

Deletion in Relative Clauses

120

(1)

That in Relative Clauses

121

(1)

Adverbial Relative and Free Relative Clauses

122

(1)

Non-restrictive Relative Clauses

123

(1)

Exercises

123

(1)

Appositive Clauses

124

(2)

Exercises

126

(1)

Reduced Relative Clauses

126

(3)

Exercises

129

(1)

Fronting

130

(1)

Exercise

130

(1)

Passivisation

131

(3)

The Process

131

(2)

The By-phrase

133

(1)

Exercise

134

(1)

Movement to Focus Position

134

(16)

It-extraposition

134

(1)

It-extraposition in Passive Sentences

135

(2)

It-extraposition in Active Sentences

137

(1)

It-extraposition with Non-finite Clauses

138

(1)

Exercise

139

(1)

It-extraposition in Verbless Clauses

140

(1)

It-extraposition with Object Clauses

141

(2)

Subject-Verb Inversion

143

(2)

There-insertion

145

(2)

Extraposition from NP

147

(1)

Heavy Object-shift

148

(1)

Summing Up

149

(1)

Clefting and Pseudoclefting

150

(2)

Clefting

150

(1)

Pseudo-clefting

151

(1)

Substitution by Pro-forms

152

(2)

Ellipsis

154

(3)

Subject Deletion

154

(1)

Verb Gapping and Backward Gapping

155

(1)

Other Examples

155

(2)

Non-finite Clauses: Raising and Control

Introduction

157

(1)

Finite and Non-finite Clauses

157

(6)

Introduction

157

(1)

Finite Subordinate Clauses

158

(2)

Non-finite Subordinate Clauses with Lexical Subjects

160

(2)

Non-finite Clauses without Lexical Subjects

162

(1)

For . . . to Filter

162

(1)

Raising

163

(5)

Raising with Passive Verbs

163

(2)

Raising with Intransitive Verbs and with Adjectives

165

(2)

Summing Up

167

(1)

Exercises

168

(1)

Control

168

(7)

Non-lexical Subjects

168

(1)

Control vs Raising

169

(2)

Subject and Object Control

171

(1)

Indefinite Control

172

(1)

Control Adjectives

173

(1)

Exercises

173

(2)

Reanalysis: a Problem of Bracketing

Introduction

175

(1)

Prepositions and Particles

175

(7)

Exercises

181

(1)

Prepositional Verbs

182

(4)

Exercises

185

(1)

Phrasal-prepositional Verbs and Prepositional Idioms

186

(2)

Exercise

187

(1)

Levels of Structure

Introduction

188

(1)

Noun Phrases

189

(5)

Flat Structures and Layered Structures

189

(2)

One-substitution

191

(1)

Layering

192

(1)

One-word Phrases

193

(1)

Verb Phrases

194

(1)

Layering in VPs

194

(1)

Formal Evidence

194

(1)

Prepositional Phrases

195

(1)

Adjective Phrases

195

(2)

Complements of Adjs

195

(1)

Discontinuous Strings

196

(1)

Adverb Phrases

197

(1)

Summing Up: Layered Structure

197

(1)

Exercise

198

(1)

Index

199

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A Modern Course in English Syntax

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials