Modern Grammars of Case

This book addresses fundamental issues in linguistic theory, including the relation between formal and cognitive approaches, the autonomy of syntax, and the content of universal grammar. Professor Anderson focuses on the grammar of case relations and, after a critical history of modern grammars of case, explores unresolved issues in the field, including the degree to which syntactic categories are grounded in meaning and the notion of linguistic creativity. He sheds new light on the interactions between meaning and grammar. His argument will interest linguists, philosophers, and cognitive scientists.

John M. Anderson is Emeritus Professor of English Language at the University of Edinburgh where he worked successively as a lecturer (1966-76), reader (1976-88), and professor (1988-2001). He has been a visiting professor at universities in Denmark, Poland, Greece, and Spain; and given lecture series in Italy, Belgium, Austria, the former Czechoslovakia, Germany, and Hungary. His books include The Grammar of Case (CUP, 1971); Old English Phonology (with Roger Lass, CUP, 1975); Principles of Dependency Phonology (with Colin J. Ewen, CUP, 1987); Linguistic Representation (Mouton de Gruyter, 1992); and A Notional Theory of Syntactic Categories (CUP, 1997). He is currently writing a book (to be published by OUP) on the grammar of names. He is a Fellow of the British Academy and a Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Toulouse-Le Mirail.

Preface

ix

Conventions and Abbreviations

xi

1 Prologue

1

Part I The Tradition

2 The Classical Tradition and its Critics

11

(25)

2.1 The tradition

11

(13)

2.1.1 The syntax of case and adposition

12

(2)

2.1.2 Grammatical versus local cases

14

(5)

2.1.3 Primary and secondary functions

19

(3)

2.1.4 Conclusion: what is a grammar of case?

22

(2)

2.2 The autonomists and other critics of the tradition

24

(11)

2.2.1 The 'new grammarians'

24

(3)

2.2.2 Jespersen versus Hjelmslev on case

27

(2)

2.2.3 Early transformational-generative grammar

29

(6)

2.3 Conclusion

35

(1)

3 Early Case Grammar

36

(20)

3.1 The Fillmorean initiative

37

(9)

3.1.1 'Cases' and grammar

38

(3)

3.1.2 Linearity

41

(2)

3.1.3 'Cases' and the subject-selection hierarchy

43

(2)

3.1.4 Conclusion and prospect

45

(1)

3.2 The representation of case relations and forms

46

(7)

3.2.1 Dependency

46

(2)

3.2.2 The categorial identity of case and preposition: a functional category

48

(3)

3.2.3 'Case' and position

51

(1)

3.2.4 Conclusion

52

(1)

3.3 Conclusion

53

(3)

4 Case Grammar and the Demise of Deep Structure

56

(23)

4.1 'Deep structure' and the place of holisticness

57

(4)

4.2 The after-life of 'deep structure'

61

(13)

4.2.1 'Unaccusativity'

62

(4)

4.2.2 Lexical evidence

66

(3)

4.2.3 Raising

69

(3)

4.2.4 Conclusion

72

(2)

4.3 Excursus on the tortuous history of 'thematic relations'

74

(2)

4.4 Conclusion: where we have reached

76

(3)

5 The Identity of Semantic Relations

79

(36)

5.1 Distributional criteria for particular 'cases'

80

(2)

5.2 General criteria: principles of 'complementarity' and 'contrast'

82

(8)

5.3 The ineluctability of 'case'

90

(3)

5.4 Localist grammars of case

93

(13)

5.4.1 The insufficiency of 'criteria'

94

(2)

5.4.2 Hjelmslev and localism

96

(4)

5.4.3 A localist interpretation of 'clatives/experiencers'

100

(6)

5.5 Conclusion and prospect

106

(9)

Part II The Implementation of the Category of Case

6 Localist Case Grammar

115

(34)

6.1 'Syntactic/logical' case forms and localism

116

(13)

6.1.1 Nominative and genitive

117

(2)

6.1.2 Dative and accusative

119

(2)

6.1.3 Accusative as goal

121

(7)

6.1.4 Conclusion

128

(1)

6.2 'Patients'

129

(7)

6.3 Nominatives, subjects, and subject formation

136

(5)

6.4 Partitives and genitives

141

(6)

6.5 Conclusion

147

(2)

7 The Variety of Grammatical Relations

149

(29)

7.1 Grounding and its loss

149

(2)

7.2 Subjecthood and the non-universality of syntax

151

(7)

7.3 The function of subjects and other grammatical relations

158

(4)

7.4 The continuum of grammatical relations

162

(5)

7.5 Ergativity and agentivity

167

(9)

7.6 Conclusion

176

(2)

8 The Category of Case

178

(42)

8.1 'Case' as a functional category

178

(3)

8.2 Functional categories

181

(6)

8.2.1 Finiteness

182

(2)

8.2.2 Determination

184

(2)

8.2.3 Conclusion

186

(1)

8.3 Kurylowicz's problem

187

(25)

8.3.1 A solution: the Latin accusative

188

(8)

8.3.2 The Latin case system, and an alternative solution

196

(12)

8.3.3 Case in English

208

(3)

8.3.4 Conclusion: functors and lexical structure

211

(1)

8.4 Complex cases: Hjelmslev on Tabasaran

212

(6)

8.5 Conclusion and consequences

218

(2)

9 The Lexical Structure and Syntax of Functors

220

9.1 'Macroroles'

220

(8)

9.2 Participants and circumstantials

228

(17)

9.2.1 Circumstantials in 'case grammar'

228

(6)

9.2.2 Apposed circumstantials

234

(1)

9.2.3 A localist analysis of circumstantials

235

(7)

9.2.4 Nominals and circumstantials

242

(2)

9.2.5 Conclusion: circumstantials, incorporation, and absorption

244

(1)

9.3 The ineluctability of semantic relations

245

(28)

9.3.1 The irrelevance of UTAH

246

(6)

9.3.2 'Abstract syntax' syndrome I: 'generative semantics'

252

(5)

9.3.3 A lexical account of causative constructions

257

(10)

9.3.4 'Abstract syntax' syndrome II: 'argument structure'

267

(6)

9.4 Conclusion

273

(8)

Part III Case Grammar as a Notional Grammar

10 Groundedness: The Typicality of Case

281

(138)

10.1 The groundedness of word classes

283

(11)

10.1.1 Verbs and nouns

285

(5)

10.1.2 The syntactic consequences of lexical structure

290

(4)

10.2 The syntactic-categorial structure of words

294

(12)

10.2.1 Requirements on syntactic categorization

295

(5)

10.2.2 Parts of speech versus categories

300

(5)

10.2.3 Conclusion

305

(1)

10.3 Nominal structure

306

(18)

10.3.1 Attributive modifiers

307

(3)

10.3.2 Noun complements

310

(6)

10.3.3 Genitival constructions

316

(8)

10.3.4 Conclusion: apologia

324

(1)

10.4 Conclusion: 'notional grammar'

324

(3)

11 Argument-Sharing I: Raising

327

(4)

11.1 Autonomy and transformations

331

(3)

11.2 The role of the absolutive

334

(14)

11.2.1 The status of free absolutive

334

(3)

11.2.2 The basic syntax of raising: raising with operatives

337

(3)

11.2.3 Raising with 'intransitive' verbs

340

(2)

11.2.4 Raising with 'transitive' verbs

342

(2)

11.2.5 The category of the infinitive

344

(4)

11.3 Conclusion

348

(1)

12 Argument-Sharing II: Control

349

(1)

12.1 The role of the absolutive

349

(17)

12.1.1 Raising versus control

352

(7)

12.1.2 Agentive control and the agentivity requirement

359

(3)

12.1.3 Causatives and control

362

(3)

12.1.4 Conclusion

365

(1)

12.2 Locative control: tough-movement, passives, and causatives

366

(13)

12.2.1 Tough

366

(3)

12.2.2 Passives and argument-sharing

369

(3)

12.2.3 Causatives revisited

372

(7)

12.3 Conclusion

379

(2)

13 Epilogue: Case, Notionalism, Creativity, and the Lexicon

381

(1)

13.1 Retrospect

381

(4)

13.2 Lexical structure

385

(27)

13.2.1 Complex predicators

386

(3)

13.2.2 Argument-linking

389

(10)

13.2.3 Constraints on valency

399

(5)

13.2.4 Lexical structure and morphology

404

(3)

13.2.5 Absorption, incorporation, and 'constructions'

407

(5)

13.3 Creativity and notionalism

412

(7)

References

419

(22)

Index

441

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Modern Grammars of Case

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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Modern Grammars of Case

Summary

Author Biography

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