Modern Philosophy - From Descartes to

Modern Philosophy - From Descartes to Nietzsche: An Anthology features a broad range of selections from important but seldom anthologized works in the philosophy of psychology, natural science, metaphysics, epistemology, morality, politics, and religion. Representative selections from Descartes's work in physics, Berkeley's commentary on morality, Kant's political theory, and Mill's analysis of religion - to name just a few - are placed alongside carefully chosen excerpts from some of their better-known works. The editors have selected these texts in way which places the modern philosophers in direct conversation with each other. This volume provides an unparalleled offering of primary sources for anyone interested in the history of philosophy and modern political thought. When used alongside The Blackwell Guide to the Modern Philosophers (2001), these volumes provide students of modern philosophy with an ideal combination of primary sources and expert commentary.

Steven M. Emmanuel is Professor of Philosophy at Virginia Wesleyan College. He is author of Kierkegaard and the Concept of Revelation (1996) and editor of The Blackwell Guide to the Modern Philosophers (Blackwell 2001).

Patrick Goold is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Virginia Wesleyan College.

Preface

xi

Acknowledgments

xiv

Part I Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

Introduction

1

(2)

The Treatise on Light

3

(5)

Description of a New World (ch. 6)

3

(1)

The Laws of Nature of This New World (ch. 7)

4

(4)

Principles of Philosophy

8

(13)

The Principles of Human Knowledge (Part 1)

8

(13)

The Passions of the Soul

21

(14)

The Passions in General (Part 1)

21

(12)

Part II Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

Introduction

33

(2)

Concerning Body (De Corpore)

35

(5)

Of Method (from Part 1, ch. 6)

35

(5)

The Citizen (De Cive)

40

(3)

Of the Causes and First Beginning of Civil Government (Part 2, ch. 5)

40

(3)

On Man (De Homine)

43

(14)

On Speech and Sciences (Bk X)

43

(2)

On Appetite and Aversion, Pleasure and Displeasure and Their Causes (Bk XI)

45

(4)

On Religion (Bk XIV)

49

(6)

Part III Benedict de Spinoza (1632-77)

Introduction

55

(2)

Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect

57

(8)

Of Method (sects 50-86)

57

(8)

Ethics

65

(7)

On Human Freedom (Part 5)

65

(7)

A Theologico-Political Treatise

72

(11)

Of the Foundations of a State (from ch. 16)

72

(3)

On Freedom of Thought and Speech (ch. 20)

75

(6)

Part IV Nicolas Malebranche (1638-1715)

Introduction

81

(2)

The Search After Truth

83

(14)

On the Nature of Ideas (Bk 3, Part 2, chs 1-7)

83

(14)

Treatise on Nature and Grace

97

(2)

On the General and Particular Wills (Illustration)

97

(2)

Dialogues on Metaphysics and on Religion

99

(10)

Dialogue VI

99

(8)

Part V G. W. Leibniz (1646-1716)

Introduction

107

(2)

Meditations on Knowledge, Truth, and Ideas

109

(4)

On Nature Itself

113

(8)

The Theodicy

121

(7)

A Vindication of God's Justice (from the Appendix)

121

(7)

The Principles of Nature and of Grace, Based on Reason

128

(7)

Part VI John Locke (1632-1704)

Introduction

133

(2)

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

135

(12)

Of Ideas in General (Bk II, ch. 1, sects 1-5)

135

(1)

Of Simple Ideas (ch. 2, sects 1-3)

136

(1)

Of the Qualities and Powers of Bodies (ch. 8, sects 7-15)

137

(1)

Of Perception (ch. 9, sects 1-15)

138

(3)

Of Complex Ideas (ch. 12, sects 1-7)

141

(1)

Of the Extent of Human Knowledge (Bk IV, ch. 3, sects 1-6)

142

(2)

Of Our Knowledge of the Existence of a God (ch. 10, sects 1-6)

144

(3)

Of the Conduct of the Understanding

147

(3)

Of Truth and Error (sections 42-44)

147

(3)

A Discourse of Miracles

150

(4)

The Second Treatise of Government

154

(11)

Of the Beginning of Political Societies (ch. 8)

154

(9)

Part VII George Berkeley (1685-1753)

Introduction

163

(2)

An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision

165

(6)

On the Relation Between Objects of Sight and Touch (sects 121-48)

165

(6)

A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

171

(4)

Argument Against the Existence of Material Substance (sects 17-33)

171

(4)

Concerning Motion

175

(6)

Passive Obedience

181

(8)

Part VIII David Hume (1711-76)

Introduction

187

(2)

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

189

(7)

Of the Academical or Sceptical Philosophy (sect. 12)

189

(7)

An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals

196

(5)

Concerning Moral Sentiment (Appendix I)

196

(5)

Of the Original Contract

201

(9)

The Natural History of Religion

210

(7)

Bad Influence of Popular Religions on Morality (sect. 14)

210

(2)

General Corollary (sect. 15)

212

(3)

Part IX Thomas Reid (1710-96)

Introduction

215

(2)

Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man

217

(9)

Of Perception (from Essay II)

217

(3)

Of Mr. Hume's Skepticism With Regard to Reason (from Essay VII)

220

(6)

Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind

226

(5)

Of Morals (from Essay V)

226

(5)

Some Observations on the Modern System of Materialism

231

(8)

Part X Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-88)

Introduction

237

(2)

Discourse on the Arts and the Sciences

239

(5)

The Effect of the Arts and Sciences on Moral Development (excerpt)

239

(5)

A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (Note)

244

(4)

Emile

248

(6)

On Government (from Bk V)

248

(6)

The Social Contract

254

(7)

Civil Religion (ch. 8)

254

(5)

Part XI Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

Introduction

259

(2)

What Real Progress Has Metaphysics Made in Germany Since the Time of Leibniz and Wolff?

261

(8)

The Metaphysics of Morals (Introduction)

269

(4)

Rudimentary Concepts of the Metaphysics of Morals

269

(4)

Logic

273

(3)

Concept of Philosophy in General (from the Introduction)

273

(3)

On the Relationship of Theory to Practice in Political Right (abridged)

276

(5)

Lectures on Philosophical Theology

281

(8)

The Nature and Certainty of Moral Faith (sect. 2)

281

(6)

Part XII Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

Introduction

287

(2)

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

289

(4)

Of the Principle of Utility (ch. 1)

289

(4)

The Panopticon, or the Inspection-House

293

(5)

Plan for a Penitentiary Inspection-House (Letter 2)

293

(1)

Extent for a Single Building (Letter 3)

294

(2)

Essential Points of the Plan (Letter 5)

296

(2)

A Fragment on Ontology

298

(6)

Introduction; Classification of Entities (ch. 1)

298

(6)

Essay on Logic

304

(3)

Of Exposition by Paraphrasis (sect. 7)

304

(3)

A Fragment on Government

307

(3)

Of the Original Contract (chs 36-41)

307

(3)

Chrestomathia

310

(7)

Sources of Motion (Appendix V)

310

(5)

Part XIII G. W. F. Hegel (1770-1831)

Introduction

315

(2)

Who Thinks Abstractly?

317

(3)

Logic

320

(8)

Phenomenology of Spirit

328

(17)

Introduction (§§ 73-89)

328

(5)

The Truth of Self-Certainty (§§ 166-96)

333

(10)

Part XIV Soren Kierkegaard (1813-55)

Introduction

343

(2)

Fear and Trembling

345

(7)

Is There a Teleological Suspension of the Ethical? (Problema I)

345

(7)

Purity of Heart Is to Will One Thing

352

(6)

Live as an ``Individual'' (excerpt)

352

(6)

Practice in Christianity

358

(15)

The Halt (from No. I)

358

(4)

The Categories of Offense, That Is, of Essential Offense (from No. II)

362

(11)

The Fatherland

373

(2)

Would It Be Best Now to ``Stop Ringing the Fire Alarm''? (article XIV)

373

(2)

The Instant

375

(6)

What Says the Fire Chief? (No. 6)

375

(2)

When is ``the Instant''? (No. 10)

377

(2)

Part XV Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)

Introduction

379

(2)

The World as Will and Representation

381

(50)

On Philosophy (from v. I)

381

(3)

On the Fundamental View of Idealism (v. II, ch. I)

384

(8)

On the Primacy of the Will in Self-Consciousness (v. II, ch. 19)

392

(15)

On Death (v. II, ch. 41)

407

(20)

On Philosophy (from v. II)

427

(2)

Part XVI John Stuart Mill (1806-73)

Introduction

429

(2)

Speech on Perfectibility

431

(4)

On Democracy

435

(3)

A System of Logic

438

(3)

Of the Ground of Induction (ch. 3, abridged)

438

(3)

Utilitarianism

441

(5)

Of the Ultimate Sanction of the Principle of Utility (ch. 3)

441

(5)

The Utility of Religion

446

(9)

The Religion of Humanity (excerpt)

446

(7)

Part XVII Karl Marx (1818-83)

Introduction

453

(2)

Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts

455

(13)

Third Manuscript (excerpt)

455

(13)

Manifesto of the Communist Party

468

(4)

Bourgeois and Proletarians (from ch. 1)

468

(4)

Capital: A Critique of Political Economy

472

(11)

The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof (sect. 4)

472

(9)

Part XVIII Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)

Introduction

481

(2)

Human, All Too Human

483

(4)

Man Alone With Himself (excerpt)

483

(4)

Daybreak (Preface)

487

(3)

The Gay Science (excerpts)

490

(16)

Select Bibliography of Recent Literature

506

(2)

Index

508

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Modern Philosophy - From Descartes to Nietzsche An Anthology

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