The Modern Presidency

1. The Presidency: Origins and Powers. 2. The President and the Public. 3. White House Organization and Staff. 4. The Institutional Presidency. 5. The Cabinet and Executive Branch. 6. The President and Congress. 7. The President and National Security. 8. Abuse of Power and Presidential Reputation.

James P. Pfiffner is professor of government and public policy at George Mason University

PREFACE

vii

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

xv

CHAPTER 1 THE PRESIDENCY: ORIGINS AND POWERS

1

(15)

Origins of the Presidency

6

(5)

Powers of the President

11

(2)

Conclusion

13

(3)

CHAPTER 2 THE PRESIDENT AND THE PUBLIC

16

(40)

Nominating the President

17

(6)

Presidential Elections

23

(19)

Problematic Elections

23

(2)

The 2000 Election

25

(3)

Electoral College Reform?

28

(5)

Third-Party Presidential Candidates

33

(3)

The General Election

36

(4)

Electoral Trends

40

(2)

The Media, Public Opinion, and the Permanent Campaign

42

(9)

Presidents and the Media

43

(4)

Public Opinion

47

(4)

Conclusion

51

(5)

CHAPTER 3 THE WHITE HOUSE STAFF AND ORGANIZATION

56

(42)

Roosevelt and Truman: Laying the Foundations

58

(2)

Eisenhower Institutionalizes the White House

60

(4)

Kennedy and the Collegial Model

64

(3)

Lyndon Johnson's One-Man Show

67

(1)

Nixon's Tight Hierarchy

68

(3)

Ford's and Carter's Lessons

71

(4)

Reagan's Two Contrasting Terms

75

(5)

Bush's Pit Bull

80

(4)

Clinton's Circus

84

(4)

George W. Bush's White House

88

(3)

Conclusion

91

(7)

CHAPTER 4 THE INSTITUTIONAL PRESIDENCY

98

(20)

White House Staff and the Executive Office of the President

99

(4)

Office of Legislative Liaison/Office of Congressional Relations

103

(2)

Office of Presidential Personnel

105

(1)

Office of Communications

106

(3)

Bureau of the Budget/Office of Management and Budget

109

(2)

National Security Council Staff

111

(2)

Office of Policy Development (Domestic Policy Staff)

113

(1)

Conclusion

114

(4)

CHAPTER 5 THE CABINET AND THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH

118

(29)

Origins of the Cabinet

118

(2)

The Cabinet as a Deliberative Body

120

(7)

Creating the Department of Homeland Security

127

(1)

Departmental Secretaries versus the White House Staff

128

(5)

Presidential Appointments

133

(5)

The Executive Branch Bureaucracy

138

(3)

Conclusion

141

(6)

CHAPTER 6 THE PRESIDENT AND CONGRESS

147

(49)

Constitutional Fundamentals

147

(2)

Veto Power

149

(4)

The President as Legislative Leader

153

(9)

The Political Fundamentals

156

(2)

Presidential Skills

158

(4)

Cases of Presidential Leadership

162

(22)

Kennedy and the House Rules Committee: Behind-the-Scenes Leadership

162

(2)

LBJ's Activist Approach: The 1964 Civil Rights Act

164

(3)

Richard Nixon: The Politics of Confrontation

167

(3)

Jimmy Carter: The Moral Equivalent of War

170

(3)

Ronald Reagan: The FY1982 Budget Juggernaut

173

(2)

Clinton and Two Congresses: A Study in Contrast

175

(5)

President George W. Bush and Congress: Legislating without a Mandate

180

(4)

The Problem of Divided Government

184

(6)

Conclusion

190

(6)

CHAPTER 7 THE PRESIDENT AND NATIONAL SECURITY

196

(46)

The War Power

197

(8)

World War II

199

(1)

Korea

199

(1)

Vietnam

200

(1)

The War Powers Resolution of 1973

201

(3)

The Persian Gulf War

204

(1)

Other Constitutional Powers

205

(4)

The National Security Council Dominates the Executive Branch

209

(5)

Presidential Leadership and Crisis Decision Making

214

(21)

Two Decisions on Vietnam: Eisenhower and Johnson

215

(2)

Two Decisions on Cuba: Kennedy's Lessons

217

(4)

Two Decisions on Iran: Carter and Reagan

221

(3)

President Bush: Two Wars in Two Years

224

(11)

Conclusion

235

(7)

CHAPTER 8 ABUSE OF POWER AND PRESIDENTIAL REPUTATION

242

(35)

Corruption and Abuse of Power

243

(19)

Watergate

245

(5)

Iran-Contra

250

(4)

President Clinton's Impeachment and Senate Trial

254

(8)

Presidential Popularity and Reputation

262

(7)

Conclusion: Public Expectations and the Presidency

269

(8)

APPENDIX A PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES

277

(1)

APPENIDX B THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: ARTICLES I AND II

278

(7)

APPENDIX C CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS THAT AFFECT THE PRESIDENCY: AMENDMENTS XII, XX, XXII, AND XXV

285

(4)

INDEX

289

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The Modern Presidency

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials