Modern Receiver Front-Ends Systems, Circuits,

Architectures BABAK MATINPOUR and JOY LASKAR * Describes the actual implementation of receiver architectures from the initial design to an IC-based product * Presents many tricks-of-the-trade not usually covered in textbooks * Covers a range of practical issues including semiconductor technology selection, cost versus performance, yield, packaging, prototype development, testing, and analysis * Discusses architectures that are employed in modern broadband wireless systems

JOY LASKAR, PhD, is the Joseph M. Pettit Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. He is the author of over 200 technical papers and has fifteen patents pending. Professor Laskar has also received numerous awards for his work, including the Army Research Office's Young Investigator Award, the National Science Foundation's CAREER Award, and the IEEE Rappaport Award. He is Director of the Georgia Electronic Design Center (GEDC). BABAK MATINPOUR, PhD, is the cofounder and vice president of VT Silicon Inc., a fables wireless start-up developing next generation Ics for 3G mobile phones. Dr. Matinpour has published over twenty IEEE papers and presented several invited talks on GaAs and SiGe RF ICs. SUDIPTO CHAKRABORTY, PhD, is a senior research engineer in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, where he is involved in analysis, design, and characterization of advanced wired and wireless circuits and systems towards advanced communication technologies using silicon-based processes. Dr. Chakraborty has authored or coauthored over thirty technical articles, presented several invited talks in the area of integrated transceiver design, and has two patents pending.

Preface.

Acknowledgments.

1. INTRODUCTION.

1.1 Current State of the Art.

2. RECEIVER SYSTEM DESIGN.

2.1 Frequency Planning.

2.1.1 Blockers.

2.1.2 Spurs and De-sensing.

2.1.3 Transmitter Leakage.

2.1.4 LO Leakage and Interference.

2.1.5 Image.

2.1.6 Half IF.

2.2 Link Budget Analysis.

2.2.1 Linearity.

2.2.2 Noise.

2.2.2.1 Receiver Thermal Noise.

2.2.2.2 Transmitter Noise.

2.2.2.3 Phase Noise.

2.2.3 Signal to Noise Ratio.

2.2.4 Receiver Gain.

2.3. Propagation Effects.

2.3.1 Path Loss.

2.3.2 Multipath and Fading.

2.3.3 Equalization.

2.3.4 Diversity.

2.3.5 Coding.

2.4. Interface Planning.

2.5. Conclusion.

3. REVIEW OF RECEIVER ARCHITECTURES.

3.1 Heterodyne Receivers.

3.2 Image Reject Receivers.

3.2.1 Hartley Architecture.

3.2.2 Weaver Architecture.

3.3 Zero IF Receivers.

3.5 Issues in Direct Conversion Receivers.

3.5.1 Noise.

3.5.2 LO Leakage and Radiation.

3.5.3 Phase and Amplitude Imbalance.

3.5.4 DC Offset.

3.5.5 Intermodulations.

3.6 Architecture Comparison and Trade-off.

3.7 Conclusions.

4. SILICON-BASED RECEIVER DESIGN.

4.1 Receiver Architecture and Design.

4.1.1 System Description and Calculations.

4.1.2 Basics of OFDM.

4.1.3 System Architectures.

4.1.4 System Calculations.

4.1.4.1 Noise Figure.

4.1.4.2 I/Q Imbalance.

4.1.4.3 Linearity Requirements.

4.2 Circuit Design.

4.2.1 SiGe BiCMOS technology.

4.2.1.1 NPN transistors.

4.2.1.2 Resistors.

4.2.2 LNA.

4.2.3 Mixer.

4.2.4 Frequency divider.

4.3 Receiver Design Steps.

4.3.1 Design and Integration of Building Blocks.

4.3.2 DC Simulation.

4.3.3 S-parameter Simulation.

4.3.4 Simulation.

4.3.5 Transient Simulation.

4.3.6 Periodic Noise Simulation.

4.3.7 Swept Periodic Steady State Simulation.

4.3.8 Simulation with Extracted Parasitics.

4.3.9 Process Corner Simulation.

4.3.10 50-ohm and non-50 ohm Receivers.

4.4 Layout Considerations.

4.5 Test and Measurements.

4.5.1 DC Test.

4.5.2 Functionality Test.

4.5.3 S-parameter Test.

4.5.4 Conversion Gain Test.

4.5.5 Linearity Test.

4.5.6 Noise Figure Test.

4.5.7 I/Q Imbalance.

4.5.8 DC Offset.

4.6 Measurement Results and Discussions.

4.6.1 Close Examination of Noise Figure and I/Q Imbalance.

4.6.2 Comments on I/Q Imbalance.

4.7 Conclusion.

5. SUBHARMONIC RECEIVER DESIGN.

5.1 Illustration of Subharmonic Techniques.

5.2 Mixing using Antisymmetric I-V Characteristics.

5.3 Impact of Mismatch Effects.

5.4 DC offset Cancellation Mechanisms.

5.4.1 Intrinsic DC Offset Cancellation.

5.4.2 Extrinsic DC Offset Cancellation.

5.5 Experimental Verification of DC Offset.

5.6 Waveform Shaping before Mixing.

5.6.1 Theory and Analysis.

5.6.2 Experimental Verification on GaAs MESFET APDP.

5.6.3 Implementation in Silicon.

5.7 Design Steps for APDP Based Receivers.

5.8 Architectural Illustration.

5.9 Fully Monolithic Receiver Design using Passive APDP Cores.

5.9.1 Integrated Direct Conversion Receiver MMICs.

5.9.2 Receiver Blocks.

5.9.2.1 Low Noise Amplifier.

5.9.2.2 Switched Gain LNA.

5.9.2.3 Subharmonic APDP Mixer.

5.9.2.4 Subharmonic Resistive FET Mixer.

5.9.2.5 LO Divider.

5.9.2.6 Integrated High-Gain Receiver.

5.9.2.7 Integrated Switch-Gain Receiver.

5.9.3 Additional Receiver Blocks.

5.9.3.1 LO Buffer Amplifier.

5.9.3.2 Transimpedance Baseband Amplifier.

5.10 Reconfigurable Multiband Subharmonic Front-ends.

5.11 Conclusion.

6. ACTIVE SUBHARMONIC RECEIVER DESIGNS.

6.1 Stacking of Switching Cores.

6.1.1 Description and Principles.

6.1.2 Subharmonic Receiver Architecture.

6.2 Parallel Transistor Stacks.

6.2.1 Active Mixer.

6.2.2 Receiver Architecture.

6.2.3 Extension to Passive Mixers.

6.3 Extension to Higher Order LO Subharmonics.

6.4 Multiple Phase Signal Generation from Oscillators

6.5 Future Direction and Conclusion.

7. DESIGN AND INTEGRATION OF PASSIVE COMPONENTS.

7.1 System on Package (SoP).

7.1.1 Multilayer Bandpass Filter.

7.1.2 Multilayer Balun Structure.

7.1.3 Module Integrable Antenna.

7.1.3.1 Cavity Backed Patch Antenna (CBPA).

7.1.3.2 Lifted Slot Antenna (LSA).

7.1.4 Fully Integrated SoP Module.

7.2 On Chip Inductors.

7.2.1 Modeling of Inductors.

7.2.2 Inductor Parameters.

7.2.3 Application in Circuit.

7.3 Capacitors.

7.4 Differentially Driven Inductors.

7.5 Transformers.

7.5.1 Electrical Parameters.

7.5.2 Physical Construction.

7.5.3 Electrical Models.

7.5.4 Transformer Frequency Response.

7.5.5 Step up/Step down Transformers and Circuit Applications.

7.6 On Chip Filters.

7.6.1 Filters Using Bond Wires.

7.6.2 Active Filters.

7.7 On Wafer Antennas.

7.8 Wafer Level Packaging.

7.9 Conclusion.

8. DESIGN FOR INTEGRATION.

8.1 System Design Considerations.

8.1.1 IO Count.

8.1.2 Cross-Talk.

8.1.3 Digital Circuitry Noise.

8.2 IC Floor Plan.

8.2.1 Signal Flow and Substrate Coupling.

8.2.2 Grounding.

8.2.3 Isolation.

8.3 Packaging Considerations.

8.3.1 Package Modeling.

8.3.2 Bonding Limitation.

8.4 Conclusion.

9. FUTURE TRENDS.

9.1 CMOS Cellphones.

9.2 Multiband, Multimode Wireless Solutions.

9.3 60GHz Subsystems in Silicon.

9.4 Interchip Communications.

9.5 Ultrawideband Communication Technology.

9.6 Diversity Techniques.

9.7 Conclusion.

Index.

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Modern Receiver Front-Ends Systems, Circuits, and Integration

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