Molecular Interventions in Lifestyle-related Diseases

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ISBN: 9780824729585 | 0824729587
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/29/2005

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The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, officially recognizing that various risk factors for disease are present in our environment, has proposed the concept of lifestyle-related diseases. These include those diseases that are tied to such lifestyle choices as excessive alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, exposure to stress, and poor diet. Ongoing attention to this issue led to an International Symposium on Free Radicals and Health: Molecular Interventions and Protection of Lifestyle-Related Diseases bringing together the top experts in that area. With the belief that the recognition of the occurrence of risk factors and their identification are important to overcoming lifestyle-related diseases, three of those experts invited prominent participants at the symposium to contribute to a book. Molecular Interventions in Lifestyle-Related Diseases is the result of that effort. This book is divided into three main sections: Free Radicals, Lifestyle-Related Diseases, and Their Protection Free Radicals, Brain Diseases, and Their Protection Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods, Micronutrients, and Pharmacological Interventions When bad lifestyle choices cause oxidants and free radicals to have a negative influence on cell signaling and gene expression, lifestyle-related diseases are set into motion, which in turn lead to further oxidative stress. Molecular Interventions in Lifestyle-Related Diseases addresses the molecular basis of free radicals and lifestyle-related diseases and preventive/therapeutic approaches including the use of nutraceuticals, functional foods, and pharmacological interventions. Each section contains several chapters addressing critical molecular mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, and other issues of relevance to human health that will be of interest to students and researchers in the health professions including nutritional and environmental scientists, molecular and cell biologists and others in the biomedical community

SECTION I Lifestyle-Related Diseases, and Free Radicals and Their Protection

Chapter 1 Redox Regulation as an Underlying Factor in Health and Disease

(8)

Junji Yodoi, Norihiko Kondo, Yasuyuki Ishii, Junko Sakakura, and Hajime Nakamura

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 Discussion

(4)

1.3 Summary

(1)

References

(3)

Chapter 2 Diet and Lifestyle in Cancer Prevention

(14)

David Heber

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Oxidants, Antioxidants, and Phytochemical Effects beyond Antioxidation

(4)

2.3 Specific Anticancer Effects of Colorful Fruits and Vegetables

(4)

2.4 Future Research Questions

(1)

2.5 Summary

(2)

References

(3)

Chapter 3 The Gene Regulatory Mechanism of Thioredoxin and Thioredoxin Binding Protein-2IVDUP1 in Cancer Prevention

(12)

Hiroshi Masutani, Yumiko Nishinaka, Yong-Chul Kim, and Junji Yodoi

3.1 Overview

(1)

3.2 The Thioredoxin System

(1)

3.3 Regulatory Mechanism of Thioredoxin Gene Expression

(1)

3.4 Thioredoxin in the Nervous System

(1)

3.5 TBP-2

(2)

3.5.1 Thioredoxin-Binding Proteins

(1)

3.5.2 Loss of TBP-2 Expression in HTLV-I-Positive T-Cell Lines

(1)

3.5.3 Growth Suppressive Effect of TBP-2

(1)

3.5.4 Abnormality of TBP-2 in Diseases

(1)

3.6 Summary and Future Perspectives

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

Abbreviations

(1)

References

(5)

Chapter 4 Coenzyme Q 10, Free Radicals, and Heart Disease

(10)

Yorihiro Yamamoto

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Coenzyme Q10

(1)

4.3 Antioxidant Activity of Ubiquinol-10

(3)

4.4 Oxidative Stress in Heart Disease

(4)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 5 Wine, Alcohol, and a Healthy Heart

(16)

Dipak K. Das and Nilanjana Maulik

5.1 Overview

(1)

5.2 Introduction

(1)

5.3 Red Wine and Cardioprotection

(1)

5.4 White Wine and Cardioprotection

(5)

5.5 Alcohol and Cardioprotection

(1)

5.6 Mechanisms of Cardioprotection with Wine vs. Alcohol

(3)

5.7 Summary and Conclusion

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(5)

Chapter 6 Diabetes Treatment by Alpha-Lipoic Acid: Modulation of Glucose Uptake and Adipocyte Differentiation

(14)

An-Sik Chung, Kyung-Joo Cho, Hadi Moini, and Lester Packer

6.1 Introduction

(1)

6.2 Lipoic Acid and Glucose Uptake

(1)

6.3 Decreases in Thiol Reactivity of the IR and PTP1 B by α-Lipoic Acid in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

(2)

6.3.1 Effect of &alpah;-Lipoic Acid on Glucose Uptake, Cell Redox Status, and Activation of IR

(1)

6.3.2 Role of NAPDH Oxidase in a-Lipoic-Acid-Stimulated Glucose Uptake

(1)

6.3.3 Inhibition of Cellular PTP Activity by αc-Lipoic Acid

(1)

6.4 Regulation of Adipocyte Differentiation

(1)

6.5 α-Lipoic Acid Inhibition of Adipocyte Differentiation via MAPK Pathways

(2)

6.5.1 MAPK-Signaling Pathways Mediate Actions of α-Lipoic Acid on Adipogenesis

(1)

6.5.2 Modulation of Auxiliary Transcription Factors in Adipogenesis by α-Lipoic Acid

(1)

6.5.3 Mediation of α-Lipoic-Acid Actions on Cell Cycle and Clonal Expansion by MAPK-Signaling Pathways

(1)

6.6 Concluding Remarks

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

Abbreviations

(2)

References

(4)

Chapter 7 The Mechanism of Immune Suppression by GIF and Cysteinylated MIF at Cys-60

(10)

Yasuyuki Ishii, Aoi Son, Norihiko Kondo, Junko Sakakura-Nishiyama, Yoshiyuki Matsuo, and Junji Yodoi

7.1 Introduction

(1)

7.2 Discussion

(3)

7.3 Binding Capacity of Cysteinylated GIF Derivatives to Target Cells

(4)

References

(2)

Chapter 8 Role of Free Radicals in Cellular Damage and Its Modification by Antioxidants: Implications for Cancer Therapy

(6)

K.P. Mishra

8.1 Overview

(1)

8.2 Introduction

(1)

8.3 Materials and Methods

(1)

8.4 Results and Discussion

(3)

8.4.1 Effect of Radiation on Liposomal Membrane

(1)

8.4.2 Modification of Radio-Oxidative Membrane Damage in Erythrocytes by Catechin

(1)

8.4.3 Oxidative Damage in Thymocytes and Cancer Cells by Radiation and Ellagic Acid

(1)

8.5 Conclusions

(1)

References

(1)

Chapter 9 Free Radicals, Cigarette Smoke, and Health Scavenging Effects of Pycnogenol® on Free Radicals Generated from Cigarette Smoke and Its Detoxification Effects

(14)

Baolu Zhao

9.1 Smoking and Health

(1)

9.2 Free Radicals Produced by Cigarette Smoke

(1)

9.3 Detection of Free Radicals in Cigarette Smoke

(1)

9.4 Cigarette Smoking: Pathological Changes

(2)

9.4.1 Denature of α1-Macroglobulin Proteinase Inhibitor

(2)

9.4.2 Lipid Peroxidation Injury

(1)

9.5 Scavenging Effects of Pycnogenol on Free Radicals

(5)

9.5.1 Scavenging Effect of Pycnogenol on Free Radicals Generated in Smoke

(1)

9.5.2 Antimutation Effect of Pycnogenol against Smoking

(1)

9.5.2.1 Inhibition of Mutagenicity of Cigarette Smoke by Pycnogenol in Ames Test

(1)

9.5.2.2 Acute Toxicity of Cigarette Smoke for Mice and the Inhibition by Pycnogenol

(1)

9.5.2.3 In vivo Mutagenicity and Toxicity of Chronic Smoking

100

(2)

References

102

(5)

SECTION II Brain Diseases, and Free Radicals and Their Protection

Chapter 10 Free Radical Scavengers and Neuroprotection

107

(10)

Midori Hiramatsu

10.1 Introduction

107

(1)

10.2 Emotional Stress and the Japanese Herb, Sho-saiko-to-go-keishi-ka-shakuyaku-to

108

(1)

10.3 Free Radical Scavengers and Neuron Death by Ischemia

109

(1)

10.4 Japanese Herb Toki-Shakuyaku-San and Dementia

110

(1)

10.5 Safflower Flower in Neuronal Death and Posttraumatic Epilepsy

111

(1)

10.6 Antiepileptic Zonisamide and Posttraumatic Epilepsy

112

(1)

10.7 Conclusion

113

(1)

References

114

(3)

Chapter 11 Oxidative Adaptation in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: The Roles of Amyloid and Tau

117

(10)

Hyoung-gon Lee, Xiongwei Zhu, Kelly L. Drew, James A. Joseph, Akihiko Nunomura, Keisuke Hirai, Atsushi Takeda, George Perry, and Mark A. Smith

11.1 Introduction

118

(1)

11.2 Oxidative Stress in AD

118

(1)

11.3 Oxidative Stress and AD Pathology

119

(2)

11.3.1 Oxidative Stress and Amyloid-β

119

(1)

11.3.2 Oxidative Stress and Neurofibrillary Tangles

120

(1)

11.4 Conclusion

121

(1)

References

121

(6)

Chapter 12 Coenzyme Q10 Stabilizes Mitochondria in Parkinson's Disease

127

(28)

Manuchair Ebadi, Sawitri Wanpen, Shaik Shavali, Sushil Sharma, and Hesham El ReFaey

12.1 Overview

127

(1)

12.2 Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of PD

128

(6)

12.3 MPTP Downregulates Dopamine Transporter

134

(2)

12.4 1-B enzyl-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline (1BnTIQ), an Endogenous Neurotoxin Causing PD, Induces Dopaminergic Cell Death through Apoptosis

136

(3)

12.5 Metallothionein (MT) Attenuates Oxidative Stress in DA Neurons

139

(4)

12.6 The Neuroprotective Efficacy of CoQ10 in Treating PD

143

(3)

Acknowledgments

146

(1)

References

146

(9)

Chapter 13 The In Vitro and In Vivo Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroprotection by the Major Green Tea Polyphenol, (–)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, with Special Reference to Parkinson's Disease

155

(20)

Orly Weinreb, Silvia Mandel, Tamar Amit, and Moussa B.H. Youdim

13.1 Overview

156

(1)

13.2 Introduction

156

(2)

13.3 Green Tea Polyphenols

158

(1)

13.4 EGCG Neuroprotective Activities in Relation to PD and AD

159

(1)

13.4.1 Neuroprotection In Vitro and in Animal Models

159

(1)

13.5 EGCG Antioxidative and Iron-Chelating Mechanisms of Action

160

(2)

13.6 The Mechanisms Underlying EGCG-Induced Cell Survival and Cell Death

162

(3)

13.6.1 Modulation of Cell-Signaling Pathways

162

(3)

13.6.2 Effect on Cell Survival and Apoptotic Gene Expression

165

(1)

13.7 Conclusions and Perspectives for the Future

165

(2)

Acknowledgments

167

(1)

References

167

(8)

Chapter 14 Kainic-Acid-Induced Neurotoxicity: Involvement of Free Radicals

175

(14)

Akitane Mori, Toshiki Masumizu, Isao Yokoi, and Lester Packer

14.1 Introduction

176

(1)

14.2 Tsunematsu Takemoto: Discoverer of Kainic Acid

176

(2)

14.3 KA-Induced Neurotoxicity as a Groundwork of Free Radical Generation

178

(2)

14.4 Involvement of Free Radicals in KA-Induced Neurotoxicity

180

(1)

14.5 Ascorbyl Radical Generation in Rodent Hippocampus by KA: A New Finding

181

(2)

14.6 Conclusions

183

(1)

Acknowledgment

183

(1)

References

183

(6)

Chapter 15 Prevention of Cerebral Oxidative Stress Using Traditional Chinese Medicines: A Model of Antioxidant-Based Composite Formula

189

(8)

Tetsuya Konishi

15.1 Introduction

189

(2)

15.2 Antioxidant Potential of Several TCM Formulations Prescribed for Conditioning Brain Function

191

(1)

15.3 Prevention of Cerebral Oxidative Injury by SMS in Rat

191

(2)

15.4 Relationship between In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity of TCM

193

(1)

15.5 SMS Modulates Cellular Antioxidant Defense Potential

194

(1)

15.6 Conclusion

195

(1)

Acknowledgments

196

(1)

References

196

(1)

Chapter 16 Analysis of the Oxidative Stress State in Disease Development of Senescence-Accelerated Mouse

197

(8)

Seiichi Matsugo, Fumihiko Yasui, and Kazuo Sasaki

16.1 Overview

197

(1)

16.2 Introduction

198

(1)

16.3 Materials and Methods

198

(1)

16.3.1 Animals

198

(1)

16.3.2 Measurement of Lipid Contents in the Brain

198

(1)

16.4 Results and Discussion

199

(1)

References

200

(5)

SECTION III Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods, Micronutrients, and Pharmacological Interventions

Chapter 17 The Antioxidant Evolution: From Free Radical Scavenging to the Antioxidant Network and Gene Regulation by Flavonoids and Bioflavonoid-Rich Extracts from Pine Bark and Gingko Biloba Leaf

205

(12)

Lester Packer

17.1 Introduction

206

(1)

17.2 Free Radicals and Natural Antioxidants

206

(1)

17.3 Flavonoid Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms

207

(1)

17.4 Oxidative Stress and the Antioxidant Network

207

(1)

17.5 Phase-2 Enzyme Induction by Bioflavonoid Extracts

208

(2)

17.6 Responses of Brain Genes to EGb 761

210

(1)

17.7 Responses of Human Skin Keratinocyte Genes to Pycnogenol

211

(1)

17.8 Conclusion

212

(2)

References

214

(3)

Chapter 18 New Horizons in Vitamin E Research

217

(8)

Etsuo Niki

18.1 Introduction

217

(1)

18.2 Uptake, Transfer, Distribution, and Metabolism

217

(1)

18.3 Role and Action of Vitamin E Isoforms

218

(1)

18.4 Tocopherol-Mediated Peroxidation (TMP)

218

(1)

18.5 Nonantioxidant Function

219

(1)

18.6 Effects against Atherosclerosis

219

(3)

References

222

(3)

Chapter 19 Gastrointestinal Inflammatory Diseases: Role of Chemokine

225

(10)

Toshikazu Yoshikawa and Yuji Naito

19.1 Introduction

225

(1)

19.2 Inflammatory Response in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

226

(2)

19.3 H. pylori Infection and NSAID-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury

228

(2)

19.4 Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Intestinal Inflammation

230

(1)

Acknowledgments

231

(1)

References

231

(4)

Chapter 20 Oxidative Stress Involvement in Diabetic Nephropathy and Its Prevention by Astaxanthin

235

(8)

Yuji Naito, Kazuhiko Uchiyama, and Toshikazu Yoshikawa

20.1 Introduction

235

(1)

20.2 Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Nephropathy

236

(1)

20.3 Prevention of Diabetic Nephropathy by Antioxidants

236

(1)

20.4 Prevention of Diabetic Nephropathy by Astaxanthin

237

(3)

Acknowledgments

240

(1)

References

240

(3)

Chapter 21 Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Plant Polyphenols through Suppression of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B

243

(34)

Navindra P. Seeram, Haruyo Ichikawa, Shishir Shishodia, and Bharat B. Aggarwal

21.1 Overview

243

(1)

21.2 Introduction

244

(1)

21.3 NF-kappaB and Disease

244

(1)

21.4 NF-kappaB as a Therapeutic Target

245

(17)

Acknowledgments

262

(1)

Abbreviations

263

(1)

References

264

(13)

Chapter 22 Ascorbic Acid and Oxidative Damage to DNA: Interrelationships and Possible Relevance to Lifestyle-Related Diseases

277

(10)

I.F.F. Benzie, C.K. Chan, S.W. Choi, and Y.T. Szeto

22.1 Introduction

277

(1)

22.2 Ascorbic Acid, Health, and Mortality: The Big Picture

278

(1)

22.3 Pro-oxidant Effects of Ascorbic Acid: Paradox, Artifact, or Physiological Concern?

279

(3)

22.4 Summary and Conclusion

282

(2)

References

284

(3)

Chapter 23 The Role of Lipid Peroxidation in Chromosomal DNA Fragmentation Associated with Cell Death Induced by Glutathione Depletion

287

(16)

Yoshihiro Higuchi, Hideji Tanii, Yuji Mizukami, and Tanihiro Yoshimoto

23.1 Introduction

288

(1)

23.2 Chromatin Structure of Mammalian Cells

288

(2)

23.3 Patterns of Chromosomal DNA Fragmentation

290

(1)

23.3.1 Giant DNA Fragment Cleavage

290

(1)

23.3.2 Large DNA and Internucleosomal DNA Fragment Cleavage

290

(1)

23.4 Chromosomal DNA Fragmentation in Apoptosis or Necrosis

291

(1)

23.5 GSH Depletion Induces Giant DNA Fragmentation

291

(1)

23.6 Effect of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids or Lipid Hydroperoxides on the Promotion of Giant DNA Fragmentation

292

(4)

23.7 Lipid Peroxidation Converts Apoptosis to Necrosis under GSH Depletion

296

(2)

23.8 Role of ATP in Apoptosis and Necrosis

298

(1)

Acknowledgments

298

(1)

References

298

(5)

Chapter 24 Antioxidant Properties of Select Indian Medicinal Plants in Relation to Their Therapeutic Effects

303

(16)

J.C. Tilak, S. Adhikari, B. Lakshmi, K.K. Janardhanan, and T.P.A. Devasagayam

24.1 Overview

304

(1)

24.2 Introduction

304

(3)

24.3 Materials and Methods

307

(3)

24.3.1 Materials

307

(1)

24.3.2 Methods

307

(1)

24.3.2.1 Preparation of the Extracts of Medicinal Plants

307

(1)

24.3.2.2 Determination of Antioxidant Activity

308

(1)

24.3.2.3 Isolation of Mitochondrial Fraction from Rat Liver

309

(1)

24.3.2.4 Exposure of Rat Liver Mitochondria to Radiation and Agents for Inducing Oxidative Stress

309

(1)

24.3.2.5 Pulse Radiolysis Studies

309

(1)

24.4 Results and Discussion

310

(6)

References

316

(3)

Chapter 25 Antioxidant Activity of Tendai-Uyaku Extract

319

(8)

Toshiki Masumizu, Takao Kanevuki, and Akitane Mori

25.1 Introduction

319

(1)

25.2 Materials and Methods

320

(1)

25.2.1 Chemicals

320

(1)

25.2.2 Uyaku Extract

320

(1)

25.2.3 Measurement of Superoxide-Anion-Radical-Scavenging Activity

320

(1)

25.2.4 ESR Direct Measurement of Uyaku Powder at 77 K

321

(1)

25.2.5 Hydrogen-Peroxide-Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Rat Brain Homogenate

321

(1)

25.2.6 Statistics

321

(1)

25.3 Results and Discussion

321

(3)

25.4 Conclusion

324

(1)

Acknowledgment

325

(1)

References

325

(2)

Chapter 26 Detection of Active Oxygen Species in the Decomposition Process of Peroxovanadium (V) Complexes

327

(6)

Seiichi Matsugo, Shingo Hayakawa, Chic Mihara, and Kan Kanamori

26.1 Overview

327

(1)

26.2 Introduction

328

(1)

26.3 Materials and Methods

328

(1)

26.3.1 Detection of Superoxide Anion by the WST-1 Method

328

(1)

26.3.2 Detection of Hydroxyl Radical by the Hydroxylation of Benzoic Acid

328

(1)

26.3.3 Evaluation of Oxidizing Ability to Protein by the Thiol Oxidation Assay

329

(1)

26.4 Results and Discussion

329

(2)

References

331

(2)

Chapter 27 Structural Determination and Antioxidative Activity of Oxidation Products of Flavonoids with Reaction Oxygen Species

333

(6)

Yuko Hirose, Toshiyuki Washizu, Yaw Uchida, and Seiichi Matsugo

27.1 Overview

333

(1)

27.2 Introduction

334

(1)

27.3 Materials and Methods

335

(1)

27.4 Results and Discussion

336

(1)

References

337

(2)

Chapter 28 Reactivity of Anthocyanin toward Reactive Oxygen and Reactive Nitrogen Species

339

(8)

Takashi Ichiyanagi, Yoshihiko Hatano, Seiichi Matsugo, and Tetsuya Konishi

28.1 Introduction

339

(1)

28.2 Results and Discussion

340

(4)

References

344

(3)

Index

347

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Molecular Interventions in Lifestyle-related Diseases

Summary

Table of Contents

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