Monitoring Bathing Waters: A Practical Guide

This book, prepared by an international group of experts, provides comprehensive guidance for the design, planning and implementation of assessments and monitoring programs for water bodies used for recreation. It is an invaluable source of information for anyone concerned with monitoring and assessing recreational waters with a medical, scientific, managerial or engineering background, including field staff.

Foreword

ix

Acknowledgements

xi

Introduction

1

(14)

Health hazards in recreational water environments

2

(2)

Factors affecting recreational water quality

4

(1)

Effective monitoring for management

5

(3)

Good practice in monitoring

8

(1)

Legislative context

9

(1)

Socio-economic issues

9

(2)

Framework

11

(2)

References

13

(2)

Design of Monitoring Programmes

15

(12)

Aims and objectives of monitoring

15

(2)

Elements of recreational water quality assessment

17

(4)

Data collection

21

(4)

Elements of good practice

25

(1)

References

26

(1)

Resourcing and Implementation

27

(22)

Staffing and training

27

(4)

Laboratory and analytical facilities

31

(1)

Transport and scheduling

32

(1)

Inspection forms and programmes

33

(1)

Data processing and interpretation

34

(12)

Elements of good practice

46

(1)

References

47

(2)

Quality Assurance

49

(20)

Components of Quality Assurance

49

(4)

Equipment maintenance and calibration

53

(1)

Sampling

53

(3)

Laboratory facilities

56

(1)

Analytical Quality Control

57

(9)

Elements of good practice

66

(1)

References

67

(2)

Management Frameworks

69

(16)

Management concerns and approaches

69

(4)

Management framework

73

(4)

The role of organisations or individuals with a vested interest

77

(3)

Management options

80

(1)

Elements of good practice

81

(1)

References

82

(3)

Public Participation and Communication

85

(16)

Public participation schemes

86

(1)

Local communication

87

(1)

Types of information

87

(1)

Award schemes

88

(5)

Education

93

(1)

Elements of good practice

94

(3)

References

97

(4)

Physical Hazards, Drowning and Injuries

101

(12)

Health outcomes

102

(4)

Interventions and control measures

106

(1)

Monitoring and assessment

107

(3)

Elements of good practice

110

(1)

References

111

(2)

Sanitary Inspection and Microbiological Water Quality

113

(56)

Sanitary inspection and sampling programmes

114

(7)

Sampling

121

(1)

Index and indicator organisms

122

(6)

Analytical methods

128

(10)

Laboratory procedures

138

(2)

Field analyses

140

(1)

Data recording, interpretation and reporting

140

(12)

Quality control

152

(1)

Presenting information to the public

153

(1)

Elements of good practice

153

(2)

References

155

(14)

Approaches to Microbiological Monitoring

169

(50)

Issues

169

(18)

Alternative approaches to monitoring and assessment programmes

187

(2)

Primary classification

189

(9)

Reclassification

198

(8)

Management actions and routine monitoring

206

(4)

Evaluation and validation of the proposed approach

210

(4)

References

214

(5)

Cyanobacteria and Algae

219

(54)

Design of monitoring programmes

221

(8)

Laboratory and staff requirements

229

(1)

Sampling

230

(9)

On-site analysis

239

(3)

Determination of nutrients in the laboratory

242

(13)

Algal and cyanobacterial identification and quantification

255

(11)

Detection of toxins and toxicity

266

(1)

Elements of good practice

267

(1)

References

268

(5)

Other Biological, Physical and Chemical Hazards

273

(10)

Biological hazards

273

(2)

Microbiological hazards

275

(3)

Sun, heat and cold

278

(2)

Physical and chemical hazards

280

(1)

Elements of good practice

281

(1)

References

281

(2)

Aesthetic Aspects

283

(30)

Beach litter visual triggers

284

(4)

Litter survey techniques

288

(11)

Beach cleaning

299

(4)

Debris sourcing

303

(2)

Elements of good practice

305

(1)

References

305

(8)

Epidemiology

313

(18)

Methods employed in recreational water studies

313

(4)

Major studies

317

(6)

Choice of study design

323

(2)

Elements of good practice

325

(1)

References

326

(5)

Index

331

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The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

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Monitoring Bathing Waters: A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Assessments and Monitoring Programmes

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials