Monitoring for Health Hazards at Work

, by Cherrie, John; Howie, Robin; Semple, Sean

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ISBN: 9781405159623 | 1405159626
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/6/2010

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This book addresses the different health hazards employees can be exposed to, e.g. airborne dust, fibres, gases, vapours, noise, radiation and biological hazards. It provides practical guidance on how to undertake risk assessments and reviews the steps required to prevent over exposure.

List of Illustrations	p. ix
List of Instruction Sheets	p. xiv
Preface	p. xvi
Acknowledgements	p. xviii
Units and Abbreviations	p. xix
Introduction
Occupational Hygiene and Risk Assessment	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Hazard and risk	p. 7
Risk assessment	p. 7
The stages of a risk assessment	p. 8
Who should carry out risk assessment	p. 12
Identifying Hazards	p. 13
Introduction	p. 13
Identifying hazards	p. 13
Example of hazard identification	p. 15
Conclusions arising from a hazard assessment	p. 16
Exposure, Exposure Routes and Biological Monitoring	p. 18
Introduction	p. 18
Measuring exposure	p. 21
Biological monitoring	p. 22
Exposure assessment: what the legislation requires	p. 22
Conclusions	p. 23
The Exposure Context	p. 25
Context for measurement	p. 25
Sources of hazardous substances	p. 25
Dispersion through the workroom	p. 27
Receptor	p. 29
Jobs and tasks	p. 29
Why Measure?	p. 31
Introduction	p. 31
Reasons for undertaking monitoring	p. 31
How to Carry Out a Survey	p. 34
Introduction	p. 34
Planning the survey	p. 34
Workplace monitoring	p. 35
Monitoring strategies	p. 37
Quality assurance and quality control	p. 39
Survey checklists	p. 41
Analysis of Measurement Results	p. 48
Introduction	p. 48
Dealing with variability in measurement results	p. 48
Summary statistics and data presentation	p. 50
Hygiene Reports and Records	p. 53
Measurement records	p. 53
Survey reports	p. 55
Inhalation Exposure
Dust and Fibrous Aerosols	p. 63
Introduction	p. 63
Airborne dust	p. 63
Fibres	p. 65
Measurement of airborne dust levels	p. 66
Measurement of flow rate	p. 73
Pumps	p. 74
Direct-reading aerosol monitors	p. 75
Calibration of a rotameter or electronic flow calibrator by using the soap-bubble method	p. 76
The measurement of inhalable airborne dust	p. 80
The measurement of airborne respirable dust by using a cyclone sampler	p. 83
The sampling and counting of airborne asbestos fibres	p. 84
The choice of filter and filter holder to suit a specific dust, fume or mist	p. 88
To trace the behaviour of a dust cloud by using a Tyndall beam	p. 89
Gases and Vapours	p. 92
Introduction	p. 92
Collection devices	p. 94
Containers	p. 100
Direct-reading instruments	p. 101
To measure personal exposure to solvent vapours using an adsorbent tube	p. 102
Sampling for gases by using a bubbler	p. 104
To measure the short-term airborne concentration of a gas by using a colorimetric detector tube	p. 106
To measure a vapour concentration using a diffusive sampler	p. 108
Bioaerosols	p. 111
Introduction	p. 111
Classification of microorganisms	p. 112
Viruses	p. 112
Bacteria	p. 113
Moulds and yeasts	p. 114
Allergens	p. 115
Principles of containment	p. 115
Handling microorganisms	p. 116
Monitoring bioaerosols	p. 117
Measurement of endotoxins and allergens	p. 120
Interpretation of sample results	p. 121
Dermal and Ingestion Exposure
Dermal and Ingestion Exposure Measurement	p. 125
Introduction	p. 125
Occupations where dermal exposure is important	p. 125
Local and systemic effects	p. 126
How do we know if dermal exposure is an issue?	p. 127
What do we measure?	p. 128
Methods for dermal exposure measurement	p. 129
Sampling strategy	p. 132
Liquids and solids	p. 132
Biomonitoring and modelling of dermal exposure	p. 134
From exposure to uptake	p. 135
Controlling dermal exposure	p. 136
Inadvertent ingestion exposure	p. 136
Physical Agents
Noise	p. 143
Introduction	p. 143
Pressure and magnitude of pressure variation	p. 143
Frequency	p. 144
Duration	p. 147
Occupational exposure limits	p. 147
Equipment available	p. 148
Sound level meters and personal noise dosimeters	p. 148
Personal noise dosimeters	p. 151
Calibration	p. 152
To measure workplace noise using a SLM	p. 153
To measure workplace noise using a PND	p. 155
To measure the spectrum of a continuous noise by octave band analysis	p. 157
To determine the degree of noise exposure and the actions to take	p. 159
Vibration	p. 161
Introduction	p. 161
Vibration	p. 163
Occupational exposure limits	p. 165
Risk assessment	p. 165
Measurements and measurement equipment	p. 166
To measure hand-arm vibration	p. 167
Control of vibration	p. 171
Heat and Cold	p. 173
Introduction	p. 173
Heat stress	p. 175
Measurement equipment	p. 176
Personal monitoring	p. 181
Measurement of the thermal environment	p. 182
Predicted Heat Strain Index	p. 185
Risk assessment strategy	p. 186
Cold	p. 188
To calculate the wind chill factor	p. 189
Lighting	p. 191
Introduction	p. 191
Lighting Standards	p. 192
Equipment available	p. 193
Calibration	p. 193
To measure lighting	p. 194
Control	p. 197
Ionising Radiation	p. 199
Introduction	p. 199
Ionising radiation	p. 200
Background radiation	p. 201
Basic concepts and quantities	p. 201
Types of radiation	p. 202
Energy	p. 204
Activity	p. 204
Radiation dose units	p. 205
Dose limits	p. 206
Derived limits	p. 207
Procedures to minimise occupational dose	p. 207
Personal dosimetry and medical surveillance	p. 209
Non-Ionising Radiation	p. 216
Introduction	p. 216
Ultraviolet radiation	p. 218
Infrared radiation	p. 220
Microwaves and radiowaves	p. 220
Lasers	p. 222
Assessing the Effectiveness of Control
Introduction to Control	p. 227
Introduction	p. 227
Specific control measures	p. 228
The effectiveness of control measures	p. 231
Ventilation	p. 233
Introduction	p. 233
Air pressure	p. 234
Measurement equipment	p. 235
Ventilation measurement records	p. 242
Measurement of air flow in ducts	p. 246
Measurement of pressure in ventilation systems	p. 252
To measure the face velocity on a booth or hood	p. 254
To measure the face velocity on a fume cupboard	p. 255
To measure the performance of a suction inlet	p. 257
Personal Protective Equipment	p. 260
Introduction	p. 260
Components of an effective PPE programme	p. 260
Face-fit testing using a particle counter	p. 269
Risk Assessment and Risk Communication
Risk Assessment	p. 275
Introduction	p. 275
Identify all hazardous substances or agents	p. 276
Identify the likely levels of exposure	p. 276
Identify all persons likely to be exposed	p. 278
Assess whether the exposures are likely to cause harm	p. 279
Consider elimination or substitution	p. 279
Define additional control measures necessary to reduce the harm to acceptable levels	p. 280
Risk Communication	p. 282
Introduction	p. 282
Risk perception	p. 282
Trust	p. 283
Communication	p. 284
An example of quantitative risk assessment to aid risk communication	p. 285
Equipment Suppliers	p. 288
Chemical Analytical Services	p. 290
Index	p. 291
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Monitoring for Health Hazards at Work

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