Moral Philosophy : Theories and Issues

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ISBN: 9780495007159 | 0495007153
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 4/18/2006

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Half theory, half practical application! MORAL PHILOSOPHY: THEORIES AND ISSUES is the easy-to-understand philosophy textbook that's designed specifically for you, the student without a philosophy background. You'll not only learn about moral philosophy, you'll discover how to apply it to your own life. And because it's packed with study tools inside, MORAL PHILOSOPHY: THEORIES AND ISSUES is ideal for preparing for tests.

PREFACE

XVII

1 Morality and Moral Reasoning

(25)

Introduction

(1)

Moral Judgments

(3)

Philosophical Questions about Moral Judgments

(1)

Kinds of Moral Judgment

(1)

Moral Judgments and Moral Reasons

(1)

Moral Arguments

(3)

All-Things-Considered Singular Moral Judgments

(1)

Absolute Moral Principles

(1)

Universality

(1)

Evaluating Moral Arguments

(1)

Nonmoral Claims Must Be True or Reasonable

(1)

Deductive Validity and Inductive Strength

(1)

Soundness and Cogency

(1)

The Concept of Moral Judgment

(5)

Impartiality and the Moral Point of View

(2)

Harm, Benefit, and Morality

(1)

Morality and Freedom

(1)

Moral Disagreement

(2)

Appealing to What "We" Agree On

(1)

Why Do People Disagree?

(1)

Morality and Law

(1)

Basic Moral Principles

(1)

Intuitionism

(6)

One or Many?

(1)

Basic Moral Principles Are Neither True Nor Justified?

(1)

Agreement on Basic Moral Principles

(1)

Duties to Ourselves?

(1)

Reflective Equilibrium

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Endnotes

(1)

2 Natural Law and Divine Commands

(20)

Introduction

(2)

Cloning and Genetic Engineering

(1)

Cosmetic Surgery

(1)

Same-Sex Marriage

(1)

Stoicism

(3)

Thomas Aquinas

(4)

Hobbes

(2)

Philippa Foot

(2)

The Divine Command Theory

(5)

Problems for the Divine Command Theory

(1)

Religion and a Meaningful Life

(2)

Exercises

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Internet Resources

(1)

Endnotes

(1)

3 Realism, Nihilism, Subjectivism, and Relativism

(19)

Introduction

(1)

Moral Realism

(3)

Why Think That Moral Judgments Can Be True or False?

(1)

Moral Nihilism

(3)

Moral Subjectivism

(5)

Reasons Supporting Moral Subjectivism

(3)

Problems for Moral Subjectivism

(1)

Moral Relativism

(3)

Does Moral Disagreement Entail Moral Relativism?

(1)

Tolerance Is a Virtue

(1)

Shouldn't People Conform to the Moral Code of Their Society?

(1)

Relativism and Moral Inquiry

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Internet Resources

(1)

Endnotes

(1)

4 Psychological Egoism and Moral Egoism

(15)

Commonsense Morality

(2)

Psychological Egoism

(3)

Moral Egoism

(7)

Moral Egoism and the Common Good

(1)

The Meaning of a "Moral" Reason

(1)

Moral Egoism and Universality

(1)

Moral Egoism and Social Harmony

(1)

Modified Moral Egoism

(2)

Short-Term Versus Long-Term Self-Interest

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Internet Resources

(1)

Endnotes

(1)

5 Utilitarianism

(16)

Introduction

(4)

Act Utilitarianism

(5)

Objections to Act Utilitarianism

(1)

Act Utilitarianism Ignores the Distribution of Happiness

(1)

Act Utilitarianism Ignores Duties

(1)

Rule Utilitarianism

(3)

Advantages of Rule Utilitarianism

(1)

An Objection to Rule Utilitarianism

(1)

Problems for All Versions of Utilitarianism

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Internet Resources

(1)

6 Kantian Moral Theory

(18)

Introduction

(2)

Kant and the Good Will

(2)

Actions and Maxims

100

(2)

The Categorical Imperative

102

(6)

Universal Law Formulation

102

(1)

Maxims and Universal Laws

103

(1)

Inconsistencies in Willing That a Maxim Becomes a Universal Law

103

(4)

Duties Derived from the Categorical Imperative

107

(1)

The Categorical Imperative: "Respect for People" Formulation

108

(3)

Exercises

111

(1)

Suggested Readings

112

(1)

Internet Resource

113

(1)

Endnotes

113

(1)

7 Virtue and Vice

114

(36)

Introduction

114

(2)

The Dalai Lama

116

(1)

Which Are the Virtues, Which Are the Vices?

117

(1)

Aristotle on Virtue

117

(7)

Happiness/Eudaimonia

118

(1)

Flourishing

119

(2)

Virtue, Vice, and Flourishing

121

(3)

Virtues and Vices as Guides to Action

124

(1)

The Unity of Virtue

124

(7)

Compassion

125

(1)

Courage

126

(1)

Self-Control/Self-Discipline

126

(2)

Arrogance

128

(1)

Selfishness/Self-Absorption

129

(1)

Responsibility

130

(1)

Epicureans

131

(2)

Stoicism

133

(1)

Hobbes and Hume

134

(2)

The Seven Deadly Sins

136

(2)

Virtues as Dispositions to Obey Moral Rules

138

(1)

Virtue and Vice in Hinduism: Ahimsa

138

(3)

Virtue and Vice in Buddhism

141

(5)

The Dalai Lama

144

(2)

Character and Freedom

146

(1)

Exercises

147

(1)

Suggested Readings

147

(1)

Endnotes

148

(2)

8 Human Rights

150

(31)

Assaults on Human Dignity

150

(4)

"Untouchables" (Dalits) in India

150

(1)

Roma (Gypsies)

151

(2)

Child Farmworkers in the United States

153

(1)

Rights

154

(2)

The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights

156

(6)

The Foundation of the Declaration

160

(2)

Classification of Rights

162

(5)

The Meaning of a Right

162

(1)

Rights to Security from Very Serious Physical and Psychological Harm

163

(1)

Rights to Equal Protection and Equality Before the Law

164

(1)

Rights to Political Participation

164

(2)

Rights to Liberty or Freedom

166

(1)

John Stuart Mill and the Harm Principle

167

(1)

Feinberg: Four Possible Principles Legitimizing Coercion

168

(5)

The Harm Principle

169

(1)

The Offense Principle

169

(1)

Hard and Soft Paternalism

170

(1)

Legal Moralism

171

(2)

Seven Basic Freedoms

173

(1)

Welfare Rights

173

(4)

The Right to an Adequate Standard of Living

173

(1)

The Right to Employment

174

(1)

The Right to Just and Favorable Remuneration

174

(1)

The Right to Rest, Leisure, and Reasonable Working Hours

175

(1)

The Right to Education

175

(1)

Justifying Welfare Rights

176

(1)

Exercises

177

(1)

Suggested Readings

178

(1)

Internet Resources

179

(1)

Endnotes

179

(2)

9 Feminism and Sexual Equality

181

(26)

Patriarchy

181

(1)

First Wave Feminism in the United States

182

(4)

Second Wave Feminism in the United States

186

(2)

The Current State of Women in the United States

188

(1)

Women Outside the United States

188

(2)

Contemporary Feminist Theories: The Third Wave

190

(1)

Liberal Feminism

190

(4)

Reproductive Rights

191

(1)

Equal Opportunity, Care, and the Family

192

(1)

Sexual Harassment

193

(1)

The Ideal of Androgyny

194

(2)

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

196

(2)

Male Justice Versus Female Care Approaches to Moral Decision Making

198

(2)

Are Justice and Care Approaches Incompatible?

200

(3)

The Case of Killing the White Crow

200

(1)

The Case of the Moles and the Porcupine

201

(2)

Why Can't a Man Be More Like a Woman?

203

(1)

Exercises

203

(1)

Suggested Readings

204

(1)

Internet Resource

205

(1)

Endnotes

205

(2)

10 Morality and Sex

207

(16)

Introduction

207

(1)

Sex Without Marriage

208

(2)

Sex and Happiness

210

(1)

Moral Duties Within Sexual Relationships

211

(1)

The Double Standard

212

(1)

Pornography

212

(2)

Adultery

214

(2)

Prostitution

216

(5)

Homosexuality

217

(1)

Homosexuality and God's Law

218

(1)

Are Homosexual Acts Unnatural?

218

(2)

Does Homosexuality Threaten the Family?

220

(1)

Same-Sex Marriages

220

(1)

Exercises

221

(1)

Suggested Readings

222

(1)

Endnote

222

(1)

11 Life and Death Issues

223

(36)

Abortion

223

(16)

Roe v. Wade

224

(2)

Constitutionality and Morality

226

(1)

The Right-to-Life Position on Abortion

226

(1)

The Most Liberal View on Abortion

227

(1)

Personhood

227

(3)

Voluntariness

230

(2)

Moderate Positions on Abortion

232

(1)

Stage of Development

233

(1)

Reasons for Wanting an Abortion

234

(1)

Infertility Treatments

234

(1)

Sex Selection

235

(1)

Applying Moral Theories to Abortion

235

(2)

Should Abortion Be Legally Permitted?

237

(1)

Public Funding of Abortion

238

(1)

Suicide

239

(8)

Suicide in Ancient Greece and Rome

239

(2)

Suicide and Religion

241

(1)

Suicide and the Possibility of Error

241

(1)

Suicide and Autonomy

242

(1)

Good Reasons for Committing Suicide

242

(1)

Bad Reasons for Committing Suicide

243

(1)

Suicide and the Duty to Minimize Harm to Others

244

(1)

Suicide and Moral Theory

244

(2)

Rights, Duties, and Suicide Preventions

246

(1)

Euthanasia

247

(7)

Impaired Newborns

247

(1)

Irreversible Comas

248

(1)

End-of-Life Cases

249

(1)

Active and Passive Euthanasia

249

(1)

Extraordinary Treatment and Extraordinary Care

250

(1)

Voluntary, Nonvoluntary, and Involuntary Euthanasia

250

(1)

Involuntary Euthanasia

251

(1)

Voluntary Passive Euthanasia

251

(1)

Voluntary Active Euthanasia

252

(1)

Nonvoluntary Passive Euthanasia

253

(1)

Nonvoluntary Active Euthanasia

254

(1)

Exercises

254

(2)

Suggested Readings

256

(1)

Endnotes

257

(2)

12 Economic Inequality, Poverty, and Equal Opportunity

259

(14)

Introduction

259

(2)

Is Too Much Economic Inequality Morally Wrong?

261

(4)

The Case for Equality

261

(3)

Arguments Against Equality

264

(1)

Is Poverty in the Midst of Affluence Morally Wrong?

265

(2)

Arguments for Relieving Poverty

266

(1)

Equal Opportunity

267

(2)

Justice, Fairness, and Taxes

269

(1)

Exercises

270

(1)

Suggested Readings

271

(1)

Internet Resources

271

(1)

Endnotes

271

(2)

13 Racism and Affirmative Action

273

(18)

Introduction

273

(2)

Racism and Blacks

275

(5)

Solutions to Racism

280

(7)

Prohibit Discrimination

280

(2)

Affirmative Action and Preferential Treatment

282

(5)

Exercises

287

(2)

Suggested Readings

289

(1)

Endnotes

289

(2)

14 Capital Punishment

291

(10)

Introduction

291

(1)

Social Protection

292

(5)

Deterrence

293

(2)

The Probability of Executing the Innocent

295

(1)

Discrimination Based on Race and Class

296

(1)

Utilitarian Justifications May Legitimize Punishing the Innocent

297

(1)

Desert

297

(1)

Competence: Age, Mental Health, and Intelligence

298

(1)

Exercises

299

(1)

Suggested Readings

299

(1)

Internet Resource

300

(1)

Endnotes

300

(1)

15 War and Peace

301

(24)

Introduction

301

(2)

Peace

303

(5)

Pacifism

303

(1)

Mohandas K. Gandhi

304

(4)

The Just War Tradition

308

(7)

Declaration by Competent Authority

308

(2)

Just Cause, Self-Defense, and Aggression

310

(1)

Proving Strength and Determination

310

(1)

Preemption

311

(1)

Revolution and Civil War

312

(1)

Humanitarian Intervention

313

(1)

Other Conditions of a Just War

314

(1)

Justice in Waging War

315

(2)

Justice in the Aftermath of War

317

(1)

Unconventional Weapons

318

(1)

Deterrence

318

(1)

Torture and Interrogation

319

(3)

Exercises

322

(1)

Suggested Readings

323

(1)

Endnotes

324

(1)

16 Ethics and the Environment

325

(23)

Introduction

325

(1)

Environmental Threats

326

(8)

The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

326

(2)

Ozone Depletion

328

(1)

Air Pollution

329

(1)

Water Pollution

329

(1)

Energy Consumption

329

(1)

Deforestation and Species Loss

330

(1)

Wilderness Preservation

331

(1)

Human Population Growth

332

(2)

International Declarations and Agreements on the Environment

334

(2)

1972 Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment

334

(1)

The 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

335

(1)

Creating a Sustainable Society

336

(3)

Opposition to Sustainahility

337

(1)

Applying Moral Theories

338

(1)

Present Versus Future People

339

(1)

Environmental Racism and Justice

339

(2)

Life-Centered Versus Human-Centered Environmental Ethics

341

(3)

Exercises

344

(1)

Suggested Readings

345

(1)

Internet Resources

346

(1)

Endnotes

346

(2)

APPENDIX A: MORAL DESICISON MAKING

348

(2)

APPENDIX B: THINKING ABOUT CASE STUDIES

350

(2)

CASE STUDIES

352

(25)

McWane, Inc.

352

(3)

Death and Tobacco

355

(4)

Allegations of Unethical Pharmaceutical Studies in Nigeria

359

(1)

Terrorism, Interrogation, and Torture

360

(4)

Insurance Fraud

364

(2)

Police Brutality in New York City

366

(1)

Prosecutor Withholds Evidence from the Defense

367

(1)

Florida Ban on Gay Adoptions

367

(1)

Tainted Evidence?

368

(3)

The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment

371

(1)

Embryonic Stem Cell Research

372

(1)

Nancy Cruzan

373

(2)

The Philadelphia Head-Injury Studies on Primates

375

(2)

INDEX

377

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Moral Philosophy : Theories and Issues

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Table of Contents

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