Morphology, Second Edition Palgrave Modern

This is a lively, comprehensive introduction to current morphological theory and analysis is designed to take absolute beginners to a point where they can approach the current literature in the subject. This updated second edition contains numerous in-text exercises that involve the reader in doing morphology by formulating hypotheses and testing them against data from English and numerous other languages, as well as additional reading suggestions to take the student further into a particular area.

Francis Katamba is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Lancaster. John Stonham is Reader in Linguistics at the University of Newcastle.

Preface

xii

Preface to the Second Edition

xiv

Acknowledgements

xv

Abbreviations and Symbols

xvi

The International Phonetic Alphabet

xvii

PART I BACKGROUND

1

(86)

1 INTRODUCTION

3

(14)

1.1 The Emergence of Morphology

3

(1)

1.2 Morphology in American Structural Linguistics

3

(2)

1.3 The Concept of Chomskyan Generative Grammar

5

(9)

1.3.1 The place of morphology in early generative grammar

10

(2)

1.3.2 The morphology–phonology interaction

12

(1)

1.3.3 The morphology–syntax interaction

13

(1)

1.3.4 The morphology–semantics interface

13

(1)

1.3.5 The lexicon

14

(1)

1.4 Organisation of the Book

14

(3)

2 INTRODUCTION TO WORD-STRUCTURE

17

(25)

2.1 What is a Word?

17

(2)

2.1.1 The lexeme

17

(1)

2.1.2 Word-form

18

(1)

2.1.3 The grammatical word

19

(1)

2.2 Morphemes: The Smallest Units of Meaning

19

(16)

2.2.1 Analysing words

22

(1)

2.2.2 Morphemes, morphs and allomorphs

23

(7)

2.2.3 Grammatical conditioning, lexical conditioning and suppletion

30

(2)

2.2.4 Underlying representations

32

(3)

2.3 The Nature of Morphemes

35

(4)

2.4 Summary

39

(1)

Further Reading

40

(1)

Exercises

40

(2)

3 TYPES OF MORPHEMES

42

(25)

3.1 Roots, Affixes, Stems and Bases

42

(6)

3.1.1 Roots

42

(2)

3.1.2 Affixes

44

(2)

3.1.3 Roots, stems and bases

46

(1)

3.1.4 Stem extenders

47

(1)

3.2 Inflectional and Derivational Morphemes

48

(6)

3.3 Multiple Affixation

54

(1)

3.4 Compounding

55

(1)

3.5 Conversion

56

(1)

3.6 Morphological Haplology

57

(1)

3.7 Morphological Typology

58

(5)

3.8 WP and the Centrality of the Word

63

(2)

Exercises

65

(2)

4 PRODUCTIVITY IN WORD-FORMATION

67

(20)

4.1 The Open-Endedness of the Lexicon

67

(8)

4.1.1 What is productivity?

68

(5)

4.1.2 Semi-productivity

73

(1)

4.1.3 Productivity and creativity

74

(1)

4.2 Constraints on Productivity

75

(6)

4.2.1 Blocking

75

(6)

4.3 Does Productivity Separate Inflection from Derivation?

81

(2)

4.4 The Nature of the Lexicon

83

(2)

4.4.1 Potential words

83

(1)

4.4.2 Knowledge of language and the role of the lexicon

84

(1)

Further Reading

85

(1)

Exercises

85

(2)

PART II MORPHOLOGY AND ITS RELATION TO PHONOLOGY

87

(134)

5 INTRODUCING LEXICAL MORPHOLOGY

89

(22)

5.1 The Lexical Phonology and Morphology Model

89

(1)

5.2 Lexical Strata

89

(15)

5.2.1 Derivation in lexical morphology

92

(8)

5.2.2 Inflection in lexical morphology

100

(4)

5.3 Lexical Rules

104

(2)

5.4 Differences between Lexical and Post-Lexical Rules

106

(3)

Further Reading

109

(1)

Exercises

109

(2)

6 INSIGHTS FROM LEXICAL MORPHOLOGY

111

(22)

6.1 Introduction

111

(1)

6.2 Insights

111

(19)

6.2.1 Stratum ordering reflecting morpheme sequencing

112

(5)

6.2.2 Stratum ordering and productivity

117

(1)

6.2.3 Stratum ordering and conversion

118

(3)

6.2.4 The Strict Cycle Condition

121

(9)

Further Reading

130

(1)

Exercises

131

(2)

7 LEXICAL MORPHOLOGY: AN APPRAISAL

133

(21)

7.1 Introduction: The Claims Made by Lexical Phonology

133

(1)

7.2 Criticisms of Lexical Phonology

133

(18)

7.2.1 Are lexical strata determined by affixes rather than roots?

134

(1)

7.2.2 Do affixes uniquely belong to one stratum?

135

(4)

7.2.3 How many strata are needed?

139

(1)

7.2.4 Are phonological rules restricted to one stratum?

140

(2)

7.2.5 Are morphological rules restricted to one stratum?

142

(9)

7.3 Conclusion

151

(1)

Exercises

151

(3)

8 TEMPLATIC MORPHOLOGY

154

(26)

8.1 Introduction

154

(1)

8.2 Phonological Prelude: Autosegmental Phonology

154

(8)

8.2.1 Autosegmental phonology: mapping principles

155

(5)

8.2.2 The skeletal tier

160

(2)

8.3 Root and Pattern Morphology

162

(15)

8.3.1 Arabic Binyanim

163

(2)

8.3.2 Prosodic morphology and non-concatenative morphology

165

(7)

8.3.3 The morpheme tier hypothesis

172

(5)

8.4 Conclusion

177

(1)

Exercises

178

(2)

9 TEMPLATIC AND PROSODIC MORPHOLOGY

180

(24)

9.1 What is Reduplication?

180

(2)

9.2 Is Reduplication Constituent Copying?

182

(1)

9.3 CV Templates and Reduplication

183

(11)

9.3.1 Underspecification

184

(1)

9.3.2 Reduplication as prefixation

185

(4)

9.3.3 Reduplication as suffixation

189

(1)

9.3.4 Internal reduplication

190

(2)

9.3.5 Reduplication and fixed segmentism

192

(2)

9.4 Prosodic Morphology

194

(5)

9.5 Other Prosodic Phenomena

199

(2)

9.5.1 Subtractive morphology

199

(2)

9.5.2 English expletive infixation

201

(1)

9.6 Conclusion

201

(1)

Exercises

202

(2)

10 OPTIMALITY THEORY AND MORPHOLOGY

204

(17)

10.1 Introduction

204

(1)

10.2 The Basics

204

(9)

10.2.1 Notation

205

(1)

10.2.2 The interaction of constraints

206

(7)

10.3 Morphology in Optimality Theory

213

(2)

10.4 Stratal Optimality Theory

215

(4)

10.5 Conclusion

219

(1)

Further Reading

219

(1)

Exercises

220

(1)

PART III MORPHOLOGY AND ITS RELATION TO THE LEXICON AND SYNTAX

221

(127)

11 INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY

223

(44)

11.1 Introduction

223

(1)

11.2 Inflection and Derivation

223

(14)

11.2.1 Differentiating between inflection and derivation

224

(5)

11.2.2 Relevance and generality

229

(5)

11.2.3 Is morphology necessary?

234

(3)

11.3 Verbal Inflectional Categories

237

(13)

11.3.1 Inherent verbal properties

237

(5)

11.3.2 Agreement properties of verbs

242

(2)

11.3.3 Configurational properties of verbs

244

(6)

11.4 Inflectional Categories of Nouns

250

(11)

11.4.1 Inherent categories of nouns

250

(3)

11.4.2 Agreement categories of nouns

253

(1)

11.4.3 Configurational categories of nouns

254

(7)

11.5 Conclusion

261

(1)

Exercises

262

(5)

12 MORPHOLOGICAL MAPPING OF GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS

267

(37)

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Predicates, Arguments and Lexical Entries

267

(1)

12.3 Theta-Roles and Lexical Entries

268

(6)

12.4 Grammatical Relations

274

(2)

12.5 Grammatical Function-Changing Rules

276

(11)

12.5.1 Passive

279

(2)

12.5.2 Antipassive

281

(1)

12.5.3 Applicative

282

(4)

12.5.4 Causative

286

(1)

12.6 The Mirror Principle

287

(7)

12.7 Incorporation

294

(4)

12.7.1 Noun incorporation

295

(1)

12.7.2 Verb incorporation

296

(1)

12.7.3 Preposition incorporation

297

(1)

12.8 Conclusion

298

(2)

Exercises

300

(4)

13 THE INTERPRETATION OF THE LEXICON, MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX

304

(44)

13.1 Introduction: The Interface Between Modules

304

(1)

13.2 Phonological Factors In Compounding

305

(1)

13.3 Are Compounds Different from Syntactic Phrases?

306

(9)

13.3.1 The notion 'word' revisited

307

(1)

13.3.2 Listemes

308

(1)

13.3.3 Unlisted morphological objects

309

(1)

13.3.4 Syntactic objects and syntactic atoms

310

(5)

13.4 The Character of Word-Formation Rules

315

(19)

13.4.1 Headedness of compounds

316

(8)

13.4.2 The right-hand head rule (RHR)

324

(4)

13.4.3 Left-headed compounds

328

(3)

13.4.4 Headless compounds

331

(3)

13.5 Compounding and Derivation

334

(3)

13.5.1 Cranberry words

334

(2)

13.5.2 Neoclassical compounds

336

(1)

13.6 Clitics

337

(6)

13.7 Conclusion

343

(2)

Exercises

345

(3)

Glossary

348

(9)

References

357

(14)

Language Index

371

(2)

Subject Index

373

(8)

Author Index

381

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Morphology, Second Edition Palgrave Modern Linguistics

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