The Morphosyntax of Gender

This book presents a new cross-linguistic analysis of gender and its effects on morphosyntax. It addresses questions including the syntactic location of gender features; the role of natural gender; and the relationship between syntactic gender features and the morphological realization of gender. Ruth Kramer argues that gender features are syntactically located on the n head ('little n'), which serves to nominalize category-neutral roots. Those gender features are either interpretable, as in the case of natural gender, or uninterpretable, like the gender of an inanimate noun in Spanish. Adopting Distributed Morphology, the book lays out how the gender features on n map onto the gender features relevant for morphological exponence.

The analysis is supported by an in-depth case study of Amharic, which poses challenges for previous gender analyses and provides clear support for gender on n. The proposals generate a typology of two- and three-gender systems, with the various types illustrated using data from a genetically diverse set of languages. Finally, further evidence for gender being on n is provided from case studies of Somali and Romanian, as well as from the relationship between gender and other linguistic phenomena including derived nouns and declension class. Overall, the book provides one of the first large-scale, cross-linguistically-oriented, theoretical approaches to the morphosyntax of gender.

Ruth Kramer is Assistant Professor of Linguistics at Georgetown University. She received her doctorate in 2009 from the University of California, Santa Cruz. Her research focuses on the syntax-morphology interface, especially phi features, clitics, and agreement, and she also specializes in the morphosyntax of the Ethiosemitic language Amharic. Her publications include articles in Lingua, Language Sciences, The Journal of Afroasiatic Languages, Syntax, Linguistic Inquiry, and Natural Language and Linguistic Theory.

1. Introduction
2. The Amharic gender system and previous approaches to gender
3. An n analysis of gender
4. Defining gender
5. Case study 1: Two genders, three ns
6. Case study 2: Adding an uninterpretable gender feature
7. Case study 3: Three genders
8. Gender is not on Num: Evidence from Somali and Romanian
9. Gender and nominalizations
10. The highest gender wins and the interaction of gender and declension class
11. Conclusion