Mouse Development

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ISBN: 9780125979511 | 0125979517
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/1/2002

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This book represents a classic compilation of current knowledge about mouse development and its correlates to research in cell biology, molecular biology, genetics, and neuroscience. Emphasis is placed on the research strategy, experimental design, and critical analysis of the data, disguishing this from other books that only focus on protocols for mouse developmental research. Selected chapters are indexed to electronic databases such as GeneBank, GenBank, Electronic Mouse Atlas, and Transgenic/Knockout, further increasing the utility of this book as a reference. *Broad-based overview of mouse development from fundamental to specialist levels *Extensive coverage of a wide range of developmental mutations of the mouse *Excellent benchmark illustrations of brain, craniofacial, gut and heart development *In-depth experiment-based assessment of concepts in mammalian development *Focus on models of specific relevance to human development *Comprehensive reference to key literature and electronic databases related to mouse development *High-quality full-color production

Contributors	p. xiii
About the Editors	p. xvii
Establishment of Body Patterns
Fertilization and Activation of the Embryonic Genome
Introduction	p. 5
Oogenesis	p. 6
Meiosis and the Beginning of Oocyte Asymmetry	p. 7
Fertilization	p. 8
Transcription andlts Control	p. 8
mRNA Utilization during Oocyte Maturation and Preimplantation Development	p. 10
Gene Expression in the Early Mouse Embryo	p. 11
Functional Analysis	p. 13
References	p. 15
Asymmetry and Prepattern in Mammalian Development
Introduction	p. 21
Asymmetries in Early Development	p. 23
Asymmetry of the Blastocyst	p. 27
Specification of the Polarity of the Anterior-Posterior Axis of the Fetus?	p. 29
Conclusions	p. 32
References	p. 33
Anterior Posterior Patterning of the Mouse Body Axis at Gastrulation
Introduction	p. 37
Gastrulation	p. 38
The Node: Morphogenesis, Cell Fate, and Cell Movement	p. 38
The Organizer Phenomenon: Conserved Properties of Vertebrate Organizers	p. 40
The Vertebrate Organizer is a Dynamic, Nonhomogeneous, and Renewable Cell Population at Gastrulation	p. 40
Insights into the Function of the Mouse Organizer Gained from Genetic and Embryological Studies	p. 41
Genetic Analysis of Organizer Function: Mouse Mutants Showing Defects in Organizer Function	p. 42
Inhibitory Signals Secreted by the Organizer and Its Derivatives	p. 44
Specification of the Primitive Streak and the Organizer	p. 44
Role of the AVE in Anterior Patterning in Mouse	p. 45
Embryological and Genetic Analysis of the Function of the AVE in Anterior Patterning	p. 46
A Model for AVE Function in Anterior Patterning	p. 47
Conclusions and Future Directions	p. 48
References	p. 49
Left-Right Asymmetry
Introduction	p. 55
Morphological Left-Right Asymmetries	p. 56
Genetic/Molecular pathway Governing Left-Right Determination	p. 58
Molecular Readout of the First Asymmetry	p. 61
Role of the Midline	p. 64
Readout of Left-Right Asymmetry in Later Development	p. 65
Miscellaneous Mutations/Gene Factors	p. 67
Diversity among Vertebrates	p. 68
Future Challenges	p. 69
References	p. 70
Patterning, Regionalization, and Cell Differentiation in the Forebrain
Organization of the Forebrain	p. 75
Early Patterning and Regional Specification of the Forebrain	p. 78
Morphogenetic Mechanisms in the Forebrain	p. 85
Control of Neurogenesis and Cell-Type Specification in the Forebrain	p. 87
References	p. 97
Establishment of Anterior-Posterior and Dorsal-Ventral Pattern in the Early Central Nervous System
Overview of Early CNS Development and Patterning	p. 107
Anterior-Posterior Patterning of the Mesencephalon and Metencephalon	p. 110
Hindbrain Anterior-Posterior Patterning Involves Segmental Units of Development	p. 117
CNS Dorsal-Ventral Patterning Involves a Tug of War between Dorsal and Ventral Signaling	p. 120
Summary	p. 122
References	p. 122
Somitogenesis: Segmentation of the Paraxial Mesoderm and the Delineation of Tissue Compartments
Overview of Somite Development	p. 127
Allocation of Progenitor Cells to the Paraxial Mesoderm	p. 132
Cells Are in Transit in the Presomitic Mesoderm	p. 132
Regionalized Genetic Activity Points to a Prepattern of Prospective Somites	p. 133
Emergence of Anterior-Posterior Somite Compartments	p. 134
Role of Notch Signaling in the Establishment of Somite Borders and Anterior-Posterior Polarity	p. 134
A Molecular Clock Operates in the Paraxial Mesoderm to Control the Kinetics of Somite Formation	p. 138
Specification of Lineage Compartments by Inductive Interactions	p. 139
Summary and Open Questions	p. 142
References	p. 144
Lineage Specification and Differentiation
Extraembryonic Lineages
Introduction	p. 155
Early Development of the Trophoblast and Primitive Endoderm Lineages	p. 156
Cell Lineage Analysis and the Extraembryonic Lineages	p. 156
Setting Aside the Blastocyst Lineages	p. 158
Molecular Specification of the Blastocyst Cell Lineages	p. 159
Differentiation of the Yolk Sacs	p. 161
Morphogenetic Events in Development of the Chorioallantoic Placenta	p. 161
Comparative Aspects of Development of Extraembryonic Membranes	p. 162
Molecular Control of Primitive Endoderm Development	p. 164
Signaling Pathways in Early Trophoblast Development	p. 166
Control of Spongiotrophoblast and Giant Cell Fate	p. 168
Trophoblast Giant Cell Development: Gene Pathways and Control of Endoreduplication	p. 169
Initiating Chorioallantroic Fusion	p. 170
Gcm1 Regulates the Initiation of Chorioallantoic Branching	p. 170
Growth Factor Signaling Regulates Branching Morphogenesis of the Labyrinth	p. 171
Placental Development and Pregnancy Complications	p. 173
References	p. 174
Germ Cells
General Concepts	p. 181
Early Appearance of Germ Cells in the Mouse	p. 182
Specification of Germ Cells in the Mouse	p. 183
Migration of Germ Cells	p. 185
Motility of Germ Cells	p. 185
Guidance of Germ Cell Migration	p. 186
Adhesive Behavior of Germ Cells during Migration	p. 187
Survival and Proliferation of Germ Cells during Migration	p. 188
References	p. 189
Development of the Vertebrate Hematopoietic System
Introduction	p. 191
Cellular Aspects of Blood Development in the Mouse Embryo	p. 192
Molecular Genetic Aspects of Blood Development in the Mouse Embryo	p. 202
Current Cellular and Molecular Conceptual Frameworks for Hematopoietic Ontogeny	p. 205
Future Directions	p. 206
References	p. 206
Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis
Introduction	p. 211
Overview of Vascular Development	p. 211
Generation of Endothelial Cells	p. 212
Vascular Morphogenesis	p. 220
Concluding Remarks	p. 228
References	p. 228
Stem Cells of the Nervous System
Introduction	p. 235
Lineage Determination of Neural Stem Cells	p. 237
Do Stem Cells Retain Broad or Narrow Neuronal Potentials?	p. 241
Regulation of Neural Stem Cell Self-Renewal	p. 242
Differences between Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Neural Stem Cells	p. 243
In Vivo Function of Neural Stem Cells	p. 244
Surprising Potential of Neural Stem Cells	p. 245
Are Neural Stem Cells Involved in Disease?	p. 246
Outstanding Issues	p. 248
References	p. 248
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Skeletal Muscle Development
Introduction	p. 253
Embryonic Origin of Skeletal Muscle	p. 254
MyoD Family of Myogenic Regulatory Factors	p. 256
Muscle-Specific Transcriptional Regulation	p. 262
Inductive Mechanisms of Myogenesis	p. 262
Specification of Muscle Fiber Types	p. 268
Muscle Regeneration	p. 269
Conclusion	p. 272
References	p. 272
Deconstructing the Molecular Biology of Cartilage and Bone Formation
Introduction	p. 279
Sox Transcription Factors: Essential Roles in the Chondrocyte Differentiation Program	p. 281
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide (PTHrP) and Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)/PTHrP Receptor: Gatekeepers of the Zone of Hypertrophic Chondrocytes	p. 284
FGFs and FGF Receptor 3: Counterintuitive Inhibitors of Chondrocyte Proliferation	p. 286
Ihh: A Central Coordinator of Endochondral Bone Formation	p. 287
The Two Roles of the Transcription Factor Cbfa 1 in Endochondral Bone Formation	p. 288
Other Transcription Factors Involved in Bone Formation	p. 290
Gelatinase B and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor: Additional Coordinators of Endochondral Bone Formation	p. 290
Conclusion	p. 291
References	p. 292
Organogenesis
Development of the Endoderm and Its Tissue Derivatives
Introduction and Overview	p. 301
Endoderm Development prior to Organogenesis	p. 302
Patterning and Differentiation of the Digestive Tract	p. 307
Development of Tissues That Bud from the Endoderm	p. 310
Perspectives and Remaining Issues on Organogenesis from the Endoderm	p. 322
References	p. 322
Molecular Determinants of Cardiac Development and Congenital Disease
Introduction	p. 332
Overview of Heart Structure and Development	p. 332
A Conserved Pathway for Cardiac Induction and Morphogenesis	p. 334
Cardiac Induction: The Role of Endoderm	p. 334
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins as Cardiac Inducing Molecules	p. 336
Other Factors Involved in Cardiac Induction	p. 336
A Role for Anterior Visceral Endoderm in Cardiac Induction in the Mouse?	p. 338
The Heart Morphogenetic Field	p. 339
The Size and Shape of the Heart Field	p. 339
The Timing and Stability of Cardiac Induction	p. 340
Migration of Cardiac Precursors	p. 340
Cellular Proliferation and Death in the Forming Heart	p. 341
Cardiac Myogenesis	p. 341
Modulation of Myogenesis in Heart Chambers	p. 343
Regionality in the Developing Heart	p. 343
Plasticity of Heart Regionalization	p. 344
The Segmental Model of Cardiac Morphogenesis	p. 344
An Inflow/Outflow Model of Early Heart Tube Patterning	p. 345
A Role for Retinoic Acid Signaling in Inflow/Outflow Patterning	p. 346
A Role for the Delta/Notch Pathway in Primary Heart Patterning	p. 347
Cardiac Chamber Formation	p. 347
Ventricular Specification: Knock-Out and Transgenic Phenotypes	p. 348
Transcriptional Circuits Acting in Chamber Formation	p. 351
The Cardiac Left-Right Axis	p. 351
Developmental Pathways and Congenital Heart Disease	p. 356
Horizons	p. 357
References	p. 358
Sex Determination and Differentiation
Introduction	p. 371
Gonad Development	p. 372
Sex Determination	p. 376
Testis Differentiation	p. 380
Cell Movement and Proliferation in the Early Gonad	p. 382
Ovary Differentiation	p. 384
Sexual Development	p. 384
Evolution and Sex Determination	p. 386
Conclusion	p. 388
References	p. 389
Development of the Excretory System
Introduction	p. 395
Patterning of the Intermediate Mesoderm	p. 396
Growth of the Nephric Duct and Ureteric Bud Diverticulum	p. 400
Inductive Interactions	p. 404
Mesenchyme-to-Epithelial Conversion	p. 407
Glomerular Development and Vascularization	p. 412
Developmental Basis of Human Renal Disease	p. 414
Future Perspectives	p. 416
References	p. 416
Craniofacial Development
Introduction	p. 421
Primordial Cells of the Head	p. 422
Organ Development	p. 433
Conclusion	p. 454
Appendix 1: Descriptive Dental Development	p. 454
Appendix 2: Morphological Organization of the Murine Skull	p. 456
Appendix 3: Molecular Regulators of Craniofacial Pattern and Development	p. 465
References	p. 481
Pituitary Gland Development
Pituitary Gland Anatomy and Function	p. 499
Development of the Pituitary Primordia and Cell Specification	p. 500
Expansion of Committed Cell Types	p. 510
Conclusion	p. 512
References	p. 513
Development of the Eye
Overview of Eye Development	p. 519
Development of the Retina	p. 521
Lens Development	p. 528
Conservation and Divergence of the Transcriptional Regulatory Systems in the Eye Development	p. 533
References	p. 535
Development of the Mouse Inner Ear
Introduction	p. 539
Anatomy of the Inner Ear	p. 540
Development of the Inner Ear	p. 541
Early Development of the Otic Blacode and Otocyst	p. 542
Pattern Formation in the Inner Ear	p. 546
Sensory Differentiation	p. 552
Neurogenesis	p. 558
The Stria Vascularis	p. 559
Future Directions	p. 560
References	p. 561
Integumentary Structures
Introduction	p. 567
Mature Skin	p. 569
Non-Neural Embryonic Ectoderm	p. 570
Stratification	p. 571
Dermal Development	p. 572
Epidermal Appendage Morphogenesis	p. 574
Model for Follicle Formation: The First Dermal Signal	p. 574
Follicle Spacing	p. 577
Follicle Morphogenesis and Differentiation	p. 578
Follicle Morphogenesis and Follicle Cycling	p. 578
Molecular Parallels between Skin Tumorigenesis and Skin Development	p. 579
Early Terminal Differentiation	p. 579
Regulation of Transit to Late Stages of Terminal Differentiation	p. 580
Late Terminal Differentiation: Formation of Stratum Corneum and Skin Barrier	p. 581
Periderm Disaggregation	p. 583
Conclusions and Future Directions	p. 584
References	p. 584
Author Index	p. 591
Subject Index	p. 691
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