Movement And Silence

This volume collects important recent articles by the distinguished formal linguist and syntactician Richard Kayne. They range widely in topic and theme, illustrating the power of the comparative approach and reinforcing Kayne's view that syntax, while generally more complex than it first appears, can have its secrets revealed by sustained theoretical work. The essays explore the syntax of silent elements, offer specific insights into the nature of comparative syntax, and investigate the pervasive role that Kayne takes leftward movement to play in grammar.

Richard S. Kayne is Professor of Linguistics at New York University

1. New Thoughts on Stylistic Inversion (in collaboration with Jean-Yves Pollock)

3

(47)

1.1. Proposal

5

(1)

1.2. The position of the postverbal subject

5

(2)

1.3. The position of the postverbal subject bis

7

(2)

1.4. The position of the postverbal subject ter

9

(3)

1.5. Leftward raising of the SI subject out of IP

12

(6)

1.6. Non-Wh-SI with indicatives

18

(2)

1.7. An ECM effect

20

(1)

1.8. Subjunctive SI

21

(3)

1.9. Subjunctives versus indicatives

24

(3)

1.10. Quirky subjects

27

(4)

1.11. Expletives

31

(1)

1.12. SI "triggers"

32

(5)

1.13. SI and post-subject complements

37

(4)

1.14. SI with more than one verb

41

(2)

1.15. SI and direct objects

43

(3)

1.16. Strong focalization SI

46

(1)

1.17. Successive cyclicity

47

(1)

1.18. Conclusion

48

(2)

2. On the Left Edge in UG: A Reply to McCloskey

50

(7)

2.1. Uniform movement

50

(1)

2.2. Irish

51

(1)

2.3. Too and Heavy-NP Shift

52

(1)

2.4. Leftward movement past if

53

(3)

2.5. Conclusion

56

(1)

3. Review of Paola Benincà, La variazione sintattica

57

(184)

3.1. Dialect syntax

57

(1)

3.2. Subject clitics and null subjects

58

(5)

3.3. Diachronic syntax

63

(2)

4. Here and There

65

(20)

4.1. Demonstrative there

65

(2)

4.2. Locatives

67

(5)

4.2.1. THIS/THAT and PLACE

67

(3)

4.2.2. The adposition requirement

70

(2)

4.3. Non-locative there

72

(8)

4.4. French and Italian

80

(2)

4.5. Number

82

(3)

5. Prepositions as Probes

85

(20)

5.1. Internal Merge and (some) prepositions

85

(1)

5.2. Causatives in French

86

(15)

5.2.1. "Dativization" of the subject of a transitive infinitive

86

(1)

5.2.2. This à looks like a preposition

87

(2)

5.2.3. This causative construction is not an instance of control

89

(1)

5.2.4. An ECM analysis

90

(3)

5.2.5. French and English

93

(1)

5.2.6. English double-object sentences

94

(1)

5.2.7. à as probe

95

(1)

5.2.8. Word order

96

(2)

5.2.9. Complementizers

98

(1)

5.2.10. Finite complementizers

99

(1)

5.2.11. Case

100

(1)

5.3. Conclusion

101

(1)

5.4. Appendix: Constituent Structure

101

(4)

6. Pronouns and Their Antecedents

105

(31)

6.1. Binding as movement

105

(1)

6.2. Clitic doubling

106

(1)

6.3. Antecedent and pronoun

107

(1)

6.4. Control

108

(1)

6.5. Merge and Move

109

(1)

6.6. Condition C

109

(2)

6.7. More on Condition C and on apparently antecedent-less pronouns

111

(3)

6.8. Strong crossover

114

(2)

6.9. Condition B

116

(5)

6.10. Why are there reflexives?

121

(1)

6.11. English-type reflexives

121

(2)

6.12. Zich-type reflexives

123

(2)

6.13. Backward pronominalization

125

(2)

6.14. Epithets again

127

(2)

6.15. Condition C reconstruction effects

129

(2)

6.16. Further Condition C reconstruction effects

131

(1)

6.17. Sideward movement

132

(1)

6.18. Circularity

133

(1)

6.19. Transitivity of coreference

133

(1)

6.20. Split antecedents and overlapping reference

134

(1)

6.21. Conclusion

135

(1)

7. On Some Prepositions That Look DP-Internal: English of and French de

136

(40)

7.1. Mostly English

136

(26)

7.1.1. Subextraction

136

(1)

7.1.2. P and K merged above VP

137

(2)

7.1.3. Of and Case theory

139

(3)

7.1.4. Case is limited to lexical items

142

(1)

7.1.5. English few and little; unpronounced NUMBER and AMOUNT

143

(6)

7.1.6. Unpronounced MANY and MUCH

149

(3)

7.1.7. More on Case

152

(3)

7.1.8. Phi-feature agreement

155

(4)

7.1.9. A little and a lot

159

(3)

7.2. Mostly French

162

(13)

7.2.1. French de as parallel to English of

162

(1)

7.2.2. QP movement in French

163

(2)

7.2.3. QP movement as remnant movement

165

(1)

7.2.4. Past participle agreement

166

(1)

7.2.5. The blocking effect of prepositions

167

(2)

7.2.6. Combien

169

(4)

7.2.7. More on remnant movement of peu

173

(2)

7.3. Conclusion

175

(1)

8. A Note on the Syntax of Quantity in English

176

(39)

8.1. Few and NUMBER

176

(5)

8.2. The preposing of few within DP

181

(3)

8.3. AP movement within DP

184

(3)

8.4. Bare few

187

(1)

8.5. A few

188

(3)

8.6. Many

191

(3)

8.7. GOOD

194

(3)

8.8. Numerous

197

(3)

8.9. Polarity and modification

200

(4)

8.10. Scope in English and French

204

(3)

8.11. Many a

207

(2)

8.12. Quite a few

209

(1)

8.13. Polarity and few and little

210

(2)

8.14. Conclusion

212

(1)

8.15. Appendix: Principle of Decompositionality

212

(3)

9. Antisymmetry and Japanese

215

(26)

9.1. Antisymmetry

215

(2)

9.2. Japanese

217

(3)

9.2.1. The position of objects

217

(1)

9.2.2. Relative pronouns

218

(1)

9.2.3. Head finality

219

(1)

9.3. Additional cross-linguistic "gaps"

220

(6)

9.3.1. Serial verbs

220

(1)

9.3.2. Aux V versus V Aux

221

(1)

9.3.3. Adverbs and ("heavy") objects

221

(3)

9.3.4. OVX languages

224

(1)

9.3.5. Subordinating conjunctions

224

(1)

9.3.6. Negation and auxiliaries

225

(1)

9.3.7. DP

225

(1)

9.4. Some modifications

226

(14)

9.4.1. Word order in adjuncts and in complements

226

(1)

9.4.2. Adpositions and complementizers

227

(1)

9.4.3. (Remnant) VP-movement

228

(2)

9.4.4. Postpositions

230

(2)

9.4.5. Prepositional complementizers

232

(2)

9.4.6. Nonprepositional complementizers

234

(5)

9.4.7. Final complementizers

239

(1)

9.5. Conclusion

240

(1)

10. Silent Years, Silent Hours

241

(20)

10.1. NUMBER and COLOR

241

(2)

10.2. Age

243

(7)

10.3. French and Italian

250

(5)

10.4. Some further remarks on silent nouns and time

255

(5)

10.5. Conclusion

260

(1)

11. Some Remarks on Agreement and on Heavy-NP Shift

261

(16)

11.1. Agreement

261

(8)

11.2. Heavy-NP Shift

269

(8)

12. Some Notes on Comparative Syntax: With Special Reference to English and French

277

(58)

12.1. Generalities

277

(8)

12.1.1. Parameters

277

(3)

12.1.2. Microcomparative syntax and microparameters

280

(5)

12.2. How many parameters? How many languages?

285

(4)

12.2.1. How many functional elements?

285

(3)

12.2.2. How many parameters per functional element?

288

(1)

12.3. Some parameters having to do with nonpronunciation

289

(25)

12.3.1. Pronunciation versus nonpronunciation: the case of French -aine and English -AINE

289

(5)

12.3.2. Nonpronunciation and licensing: the case of something heavy

294

(1)

12.3.3. Determiners and unpronounced EVER

295

(2)

12.3.4. "Extraposition" differences

297

(1)

12.3.5. Quantity word differences and nonpronunciation

298

(9)

12.3.6. A licensing parameter possibly reinterpreted as a movement parameter

307

(4)

12.3.7. Missing Wh-words

311

(3)

12.4. Related parameters

314

(10)

12.4.1. The indefinite article

314

(2)

12.4.2. The categorial status of few and little versus peu

316

(5)

12.4.3. In what sense can a difference in category be a parameter?

321

(3)

12.5. Comparative syntax and Greenbergian typology

324

(9)

12.5.1. Syntactic data

324

(2)

12.5.2. Missing languages

326

(1)

12.5.3. English and Haitian

327

(1)

12.5.4. Adpositions

328

(2)

12.5.5. Movement as a side effect of doubling

330

(1)

12.5.6. Feature-driven movement or "closeness-driven" movement?

331

(2)

12.6. Conclusion

333

(2)

Bibliography

335

(20)

Index

355

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Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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Movement And Silence

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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