Multicultural Psychology

Multicultural Psychology combines research with actual real narratives to examine multicultural issues and capture the richness of diverse cultures. The text covers compelling topics such as differences in world views, communication, racial and cultural identity, development, racism, and immigration, as well as gender, sexuality, age, and ability. It presents a broad foundation for understanding the issues psychologists address when studying culture and the practical applications of theory in today's society. The personal stories and discussions of current events make the text relatable to students' lives.

Jeffrey Scott Mio is Jeffrey Scott Mio is Professor of Psychology and Sociology at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, where he also serves as the Director of Graduate Studies in Psychology. He is a fellow of the Society for the Teaching of Psychology, the Asian American Psychological Association, and the Western Psychological Association.

Lori A. Barker is Professor of Psychology and Sociology at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. Dr. Barker is a licensed clinical psychologist and a Qualified Medical Evaluator with the State of California, Division of Workers Compensation. She has a private practice in Riverside, CA, called The Center for Individual, Family, and Community Wellness.

Melanie M. Domenech Rodríguez is Professor of Psychology at Utah State University and a licensed psychologist in Utah, Puerto Rico, and Idaho. Dr. Domenech Rodríguez is a fellow of the American Psychological Association. She has served on the APA Ethics Committee as an associate member and is currently President of the Society for the Clinical Psychology of Ethnic Minorities.

John Gonzalez is Professor of Psychology and Department Chair at Bemidji State University in northern Minnesota. He is an Ojibwe American Indian and a member of the White Earth Anishinaabe Nation. Dr. Gonzalez served as Program Chair and then Treasurer for the Society for the Psychological Study of Culture, Ethnicity, and Race and as Historian for the Society of Indian Psychologists. Professor Gonzalez was also honored as the American Indian Post-Secondary Teacher of the Year by the Minnesota Indian Education Association in 2017.

About the authors
Preface
Acknowledgments

CHAPTER 1 What Is Multicultural Psychology?

WHAT IS MULTICULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY?
Narrow and Broad Definitions of Culture
Culture and Worldview
What is Race?
Multicultural Psychology and Related Fields
MULTICULTURALISM AS A PHILOSOPHY
DO WE STILL NEED THE FIELD OF MULTICULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY?
MULTICULTURALISM AS THE FOURTH FORCE
UNDERSTANDING THE CULTURAL CONTEXT OF BEHAVIOR: THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL
THE BASIC TENENTS OF MULTICULTURAL THEORY
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Dubious Beginnings
We Begin to Define Ourselves
Gender Differences
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues
THE RISE OF MULTICULTURALISM
SUMMARY

CHAPTER 2 Multicultural Issues Involving Research and Testing

RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY
The General Research Model
The European American Standard
Internal versus External Validity
QUANTITATIVE VERSUS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative Approaches
Qualitative Approaches
Equivalence of Measures
Qualitative Approaches and Gender
Qualitative Approaches and Older Population
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
COLLABORATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
Intelligence Testing
Intelligence, Context, and Older Adults
Alternative Conceptions of Intelligence
Personality and Diagnostic Testing
SUMMARY

CHAPTER 3 Cultural Differences in Worldviews

DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES FOR LOOKING AT CULTURES
Imposing a Worldview
Understanding Differences from Within
Male and Female Perspectives
Well-Meaning Clashes
INDIVIDUALISM VERSUS COLLECTIVISM
The Individual and Society
Guilt versus Shame
Face Saving, Face Giving, and Social Support
Are We WEIRD?
VALUE ORIENTATION AND WORLDVIEWS
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientation Model
Derald Wing Sue's Worldview Model
ETHNIC MINORITY WORLDVIEW
WORLDVIEW OF WOMEN
WORLDVIEW OF LESBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL INDIVIDUALS
WORLDVIEW BASED ON SOCIAL CLASS
YOUTH AND WORLDVIEW
SUMMARY

CHAPTER 4 Cultural Differences in Communication

CONVERSATIONAL RULES
NONVERBAL ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE
Proxemics
Kinesics
Paralanguage
HIGH- VERSUS LOW-CONTEXT COMMUNICATION
Direct versus Indirect Communication
Ethnic Minority Patterns of Communication
--African Americans
--Latinxs
--American Indians
Communication Patterns of the Elderly
COMMUNICATION AMONG YOUNGER ADULTS
Prevalence of Social Media
Positives and Negatives of the Use of Social Media
The Silver Lining
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN COMMUNICATION
BILINGUAL COMMUNICATION
Cognitive Consequences of Bilingualism
Social Consequences of Bilingualism
SUMMARY

CHAPTER 5 Immigrants, Refugees, and the Acculturation Process xxx

IMMIGRANTS AND REFUGEES
Immigrants
Refugees
COMMON EXPERIENCES OF IMMIGRANTS AND REFUGEES
Language Barriers
Support Networks
Family Hierarchies
New Family Roles
Employment
Education
ACCULTURATION
"Old" and "New Immigrants"
Models of Acculturation
Acculturation of Immigrants
Acculturation of Ethnic Minority Populations
The Migration Process
Ecological Context and Fit
SUMMARY

CHAPTER 6 Stereotyping, Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism

CATEGORIZATIONS OF RACE AND ETHNICITY
Racism in the News
Stereotype Threat
The Development of Negative Stereotypes
RACISM
Overt versus Covert Racism
The Response to Hurricane Maria: A Case of Covert, Unintentional Racism or Covert, Intentional Racism?
Aversive Racism
Color-Blind Racial Ideology
Racism and the Biopsychosocial Model
Internalized Oppression
Racial Microaggressions
Microaggressions Broadly Defined
White Privilege
SUMMARY

CHAPTER 7 Cultural Identity Development

A MODEL OF PERSONAL IDENTITY
RACIAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT
African American Identity Development
White Identity Development
Chicano/Latinx Identity Development
Asian American/Pilipino American Identity Development
American Indian Identity Development
Multiracial Identity Development
Gay/Lesbian Identity Development
Racial and Cultural Identity Development Model
Other Identities
A CRITIQUE OF THE STAGE MODELS
MULTIPLE LAYERING OF IDENTITIES
SUMMARY

CHAPTER 8 Culture and Health

HEALTH AND HEALTH BEHAVIORS
HEALTH DISPARITIES DEFINED
CAUSES OF HEALTH DISPARITIES
Racism
Poverty
Structural Barriers
Access to the Health Care System
Differential Treatment
MISTRUST OF THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
WHY SHOULD WE CARE?
BRINGING ABOUT CHANGE
SUMMARY

CHAPTER 9 Culture and Mental Health

CULTURE AND DIAGNOSIS
The Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of the Mental Disorders: A Classification System
Culture and the Expression of Symptoms
Cultural Group Differences and Mental Health
--The Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Studies (CPES)
--National Survey on Drug Use and Health
--Ethnic/Racial Groups Not Well Represented in the Large Epidemiological Studies
--Critique of the Epidemiologic Studies
--Conclusions from Existing Data
Gender Differences
Cultural Concepts of Distress
Eating Disorders: An American Cultural Syndrome?
CULTURE AND THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS
Underutilization of Mental Health Services
Barriers to Treatment
--Culture-Bound Values as Barriers
--Class-Bound Values as Barriers
--Language Variables as a Barrier
Experience with Microaggressions
Culturally Sensitive Therapeutic Approaches
The Training of Mental Health Professionals: Multicultural Competence
Cultural Matching
Culture-Specific Therapies
--Example of a Culture-Specific Approach: African-Centered Psychology
--Treatment Issues and Strategies for Sexual Minorities
Social Justice Counseling Psychotherapy
Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology
SUMMARY

CHAPTER 10 Where Do We Go From Here? Building Multicultural Competence

HOW TO INCREASE YOUR MULTICLUTURAL COMPETENCE: THE MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCIES
Awareness of Your Own Cultural Attitudes
The Four F Reactions: Freeze, Flee, Flight, and Fright
The Five D's of Difference
--Distancing
--Denial
--Defensiveness
--Devaluing
--Discovery
The Three S's of Similarity
--Simple
--Safe
--Sane
EXAMINING YOUR BIASES, PREJUDICES, AND STEREOTYPES
LEARNING ABOUT YOUR OWN CULTURE
UNDERSTANDING OTHER WORLDVIEWS
Learning Key Historical Events
Becoming Aware of Sociopolitical Issues
Knowing Basic Values and Beliefs
Understanding Cultural Practices
Knowing the Dynamics of Racism, Discrimination, and Stereotyping
DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE INTERPERSONAL SKILLS
Education and Training
Experience and Practice
Saying "I Don't Know" and Asking Questions
Travel
Speaking Up for Others: Being an Ally
Speaking Up for Oneself: Comfort with Difficult Dialogues
An Attitude of Discovery and Courage
Developing Empathy
A CHANGE IN WORLDVIEW
SUMMARY
Glossary
References
Credits
Index