Multilingualism in China

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ISBN: 9783110178968 | 3110178966
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/1/2003

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Minglang Zhou's highly erudite and well-researched volume on the policies concerning writing reforms for China's minorities since 1949 provides an original and well-reasoned summary of a complex process. It documents how different script reforms meet dramatically different fates according to local preferences, history, cross-border ties, and the vitality of previously-used scripts. In a style accessible to both undergraduate and graduate students, Zhou's book is of interest to language planners, sinologists, applied linguists, writing theorists, and ethnologists.

Preface

vii

Acknowledgements

List of tables

xvi

Abbreviations and names of minorities in China

Map 1 Distribution of minority nationalities and languages in China

xxiii

Map 2 China: Autonomous regions and prefectures

xxiv

Chapter 1 Minorities and minority languages in China

(35)

1.1. Historical developments of the Han and non-Han peoples

(6)

1.2. Official classification of the non-Han peoples

(7)

1.3. Distribution of minority communities

(6)

1.4. The classification and distribution of minority languages

(1)

1.5. Current status of minority languages

(12)

1.6. The organization of this book

(3)

Chapter 2 The politics of minority language policy, 1949-2002

(63)

2.1. Development of the CCP minorities policy before 1949

(3)

2.2. Theoretical foundation of the CCP minorities policy and later changes

(2)

2.3. The first pluralistic stage: 1949-1957

(18)

2.3.1. Legal protection for minority language use and development

(2)

2.3.2. The CCP leadership's affirmative attitudes

(2)

2.3.3. Development of policy for minority language use

(4)

2.3.4. Development of infrastructure for minority language work

(4)

2.3.5. Toward a change of pace in minority language work

(5)

2.4. The Chinese monopolistic stage: 1958-1971

(17)

2.4.1. The great leap toward national convergence

(1)

2.4.2. A unified language policy for both Chinese and minority languages

(6)

2.4.3. A short relief from integrationism: 1962-1963

(4)

2.4.4. The dominance of Chinese monopolistic language policy: 1964-1977

(5)

2.5. The second pluralistic stage: 1978-2002

(22)

2.5.1. The return of accommodationism

(6)

2.5.2. Legislation of minority language rights

(5)

2.5.3. Tactical retreat from the accommodationist policy

(5)

2.5.4. New orientation since the early 1990's

(6)

Chapter 3 The politics of the status of writing systems: Official, experimental, or unofficial

(54)

3.1. Status of writing systems: The first pluralistic stage (1949-1957)

101

(10)

3.1.1. Recognition of five commonly used writing systems as official

101

(4)

3.1.2. Prioritization of the creation and revision of writing systems

105

(6)

3.2. Status of writing systems: The Chinese monopolistic stage (1958-1977)

111

(10)

3.2.1. The losing battle of official and experimental writing systems

112

(4)

3.2.2. The rise of "phonetic spelling" as candidate writing systems for languages with non-Roman systems

116

(5)

3.3. Status of writing systems: The second pluralistic stage (1978 2002)

121

(30)

3.3.1. Official recognition of the status of writing systems and bottom-up efforts

122

(4)

3.3.2. The mushrooming of unofficial writing systems in the 1980's

126

(10)

3.3.3. The lasting influence of Pinyin: Official writing systems vs. pronunciation assistance systems

136

(5)

3.3.4. The politics of a new round of official recognition in the 1990's

141

(7)

3.3.5. Information technology: A new battlefield for status recognition

148

(3)

3.4. Issues in China's minority language policy

151

(2)

Chapter 4 Choices of scripts and theories of writing systems: East vs. West

153

(56)

4.1. Western linguistics and the initial writing reforms for minority languages in the PRC

158

(11)

4.1.1. The first linguistic guidelines for grammatogeny in minority languages

161

(4)

4.1.2. Two kinds of reforms for "imperfect" writing systems

165

(4)

4.2. Modeling after the Soviet Union

169

(27)

4.2.1. The Soviet model of writing system development for minority languages

171

(6)

4.2.2. Alliance of writing systems across Sino-Soviet borders

177

(10)

4.2.3. Alliance of writing systems within language groups: An application of the Soviet model

187

(9)

4.3. Roman, IPA, and Cyrillic scripts: Conflicts and compromises

196

(13)

4.3.1. Hybrid alphabet of Roman, IPA, and Cyrillic scripts

198

(5)

4.3.2. Triumph of the Roman alphabet

203

(6)

Chapter 5 The politics of vernacular writing systems

209

(71)

5.1. The Soviet model and proliferation of vernacular writing systems

211

(18)

5.1.1. The Hani writing systems: Vernacular and vernacular

214

(5)

5.1.2. The Miao writing systems: Vernacular and vernacular

219

(10)

5.2. Vernacular writing systems: Consolidation and withdrawal

229

(9)

5.2.1. The consolidation of Hani systems: Standard vs. vernacular

231

(2)

5.2.2. The Pinyin-oriented revision and withdrawal of the Miao systems

233

(5)

5.3. Vernacular writing systems: Consolidation and proliferation

238

(36)

5.3.1. Unification of the Mongolian writing systems: An administrative approach

238

(7)

5.3.2. The attempt at unifying Yi writing: A supra dialect approach

245

(6)

5.3.3. The Zhuang writing systems: Standard vs. vernacular

251

(7)

5.3.4. The Yao writing systems: International vs. local

258

(4)

5.3.5. The Hani writing systems: Standard vs. supplementary

262

(4)

5.3.6. The Va writing systems: Standard and supplementary

266

(5)

5.3.7. The Bai writing system: One system and two orthographies

271

(3)

5.4. Relationship between standard and vernacular writing systems

274

(6)

Chapter 6 The politics of traditional and reformed writing systems

280

(67)

6.1. Between changing policies and written traditions: The Smiform script vs. the Roman alphabet

281

(9)

6.2. Between domestic and international politics: Reform of the Mongolian writing system

290

(9)

6.3. Between socialism and Islam: Reforms of the Uygur and Kazak writing systems

299

(11)

6.4. Between the state and Christian traditions: Reforms of missionary writing systems

310

(20)

6.4.1. The survival of a missionary writing system for Lisu

312

(4)

6.4.2. Three-way competition among Miao writing systems

316

(7)

6.4.3. The role of codification in writing reform: The cases of Lahu and Jingpo

323

(7)

6.5. Between the state and Buddhist traditions: Reforms of writing systems in Dai communities

330

(13)

6.5.1. The failure of the writing reform in Xishuangbanna

330

(5)

6.5.2. The success story of writing reforms in Dehong

335

(8)

6.6. Factors in the successes and failures of writing reforms

343

(4)

Chapter 7 Modernization: The politics and sociolinguistics of Chinese loanwords and minority language orthography

347

(42)

7.1. The early years of lexical modernization (1949-1955)

349

(6)

7.2. Central planning of lexical modernization before Pinyin

355

(6)

7.3. Lexical development for minority languages under the shadow of Pinyin

361

(6)

7.4. Pinyin as the model for modernization of orthography in minority languages

367

(6)

7.5. Diglossia of Chinese loanwords

373

(5)

7.6. The question of diversity in orthography and loanwords

378

(6)

7.7. Development of terminology regulations and bureaucracy

384

(5)

Chapter 8 Conclusion

389

(13)

8.1. The question of the interpretation of language legislation and the implementation of language policy

390

(2)

8.2. The question of equality for all (minority) languages

392

(3)

8.3. The question of the ideal script

395

(3)

8.4. The question of the model or models of writing system development

398

(2)

8.5. Concluding remarks

400

(2)

Notes

402

(5)

References

407

(40)

Subject index

447

(7)

Index of (officially recognized) minority nationalities and minority languages in China

454

(3)

Index of names of influencial persons

457

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Multilingualism in China

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