Music of Black Americans : A History

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ISBN: 9780393971415 | 0393971414
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 1/17/1997

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Beginning with the arrival of the first Africans in the English colonies, Eileen Southern weaves a fascinating narrative of intense musical activity. As singers, players, and composers, black American musicians are fully chronicled in this landmark book. Now in the third edition, the author has brought the entire text up to date and has added a wealth of new material covering the latest developments in gospel, blues, jazz, classical, crossover, Broadway, and rap as they relate to African American music.

List of Illustrations

(4)

Preface

xix

PART ONE SONG IN A STRANGE LAND 1619-1775

(60)

1 The African Legacy

(20)

MUSIC IN WEST AFRICA

(16)

The Role of Music in Society

(1)

Occasions for Music Making

(3)

Professional Musicians

(1)

Musical Instruments and Performance Practice

(7)

Music and Poetry

(2)

Music and the Dance

(1)

Summary

(1)

THE AFRICAN DIASPORA

(3)

From Indentured Servitude to Slavery

(1)

African Retentions in the New World

(2)

2 The Colonial Era

(40)

MUSIC IN THE COLONIES

(2)

PRIMARY SOURCES OF INFORMATION

(3)

The Colonial Newspaper

(2)

Other Primary Sources

(1)

CONGREGATIONAL SINGING: PSALMODY AND HYMNODY

(7)

Singing in the Meetinghouse

(3)

Psalm Singing in the Community

(1)

The Reform Movement

(1)

The Growth of Hymnody

(2)

RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION AND PSALMODY

(6)

Patterns of Slavery in North and South

(1)

Conversion and Religious Instruction in the North

(2)

Missionary Activities in the South

(3)

RECREATIONAL MUSIC

(7)

Holiday Celebrations

(1)

Social Diversions of the Colonists

(1)

Slave Dance Musicians

(3)

Social Singing

(1)

Slave Recreational Activities

(1)

DEVELOPMENT OF MUSICAL SKILLS

(4)

SLAVE FESTIVALS IN THE AFRICAN TRADITION

(11)

`Lection Day Festivities

(1)

Pinkster Celebrations

(3)

Other Slave Gatherings

(7)

PART TWO LET MY PEOPLE GO 1776-1865

(160)

3 Two Wars and the New Nation

(34)

BLACK MUSICIANS IN THE ARMED SERVICES

(4)

The Revolutionary War

(2)

The War of 1812

(1)

THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD

(4)

Musical Activities in the New Nation

(1)

Black Singing-School Masters

(2)

Black Benevolent and Fraternal Societies

(1)

THE BLACK CHURCH

(9)

The Earliest Black Congregations

(1)

Methodist Dissenters

(3)

Richard Allen's Hymnals

(5)

INDEPENDENT BLACK DENOMINATIONS

(2)

Denominational Hymnals

(1)

Importance of the Black Church

(1)

THE CAMP MEETING

(7)

Singing in the Camp Meeting

(1)

The Camp-Meeting Hymn

(3)

Shouts in the Camp Meeting

(1)

ETHIOPIAN MINSTRELSY

(8)

Antecedents of Minstrel Songs

(1)

Growth of the "Ethiopian" Music

(4)

Black Entertainers in Ethiopian Minstrelsy

(3)

4 Antebellum Urban Life

(54)

BLACK MUSICIANS AND THE GENERAL STATE OF MUSIC

(2)

URBAN MUSIC IN THE NORTH

100

(27)

The Concert Stage

103

(1)

Sacred Music Concerts

104

(2)

Grand Concerts and Concert Troupes

106

(1)

Bands and Orchestras

107

(4)

Composers

111

(2)

The Philadelphia School

113

(1)

Composers in Other Cities

114

(2)

Music in the Theater

116

(5)

Balls and Holiday Celebrations

121

(1)

Dance Halls and Dives

122

(2)

Street Vendors and Itinerant Musicians

124

(3)

MUSIC OF THE BLACK CHURCH, I

127

(4)

Music in the Worship Service

127

(3)

Camp Meetings and Bush Meetings

130

(1)

Informal Religious Practices

130

(1)

URBAN MUSIC IN THE SOUTH

131

(5)

New Orleans--A Musical Center

131

(1)

Vocal Music

132

(1)

Brass Bands and Orchestras

133

(1)

A Symphony Orchestra

133

(1)

Dance Orchestras and Recreational Music

134

(1)

Black Fiddlers and White Dancers

134

(2)

AFRICAN TRADITIONS IN THE SOUTH

136

(4)

Dancing in the Place Congo

136

(2)

John Conny Festivals

138

(1)

Voodoo

139

(1)

THE ANTI-SLAVERY MOVEMENT

140

(5)

Anti-Slavery Songs

141

(1)

The Underground Railroad

142

(3)

MUSIC OF THE BLACK CHURCH, II

145

(2)

Music Instruction in Sabbath Schools

146

(1)

SONGS ON THE WATERFRONT

147

(4)

5 Antebellum Rural Life

151

(54)

PRIMARY SOURCES OF INFORMATION

151

(1)

THE MUSICAL SOURCES

152

(1)

DAILY LIFE ON THE PLANTATION

153

(3)

SONGS OF NARRATION AND SOCIAL COMMENT

156

(5)

WORKSONGS

161

(6)

RECREATIONAL MUSIC

167

(8)

Dance Music

168

(3)

Musical Instruments

171

(2)

Other Recreational Activities

173

(2)

ENTERTAINMENT FOR THE MASTERS

175

(2)

IMPORTANCE OF MUSIC TO THE SLAVES

177

(1)

THE WORSHIP SERVICE

178

(6)

Spirituals

180

(1)

The Shout

181

(3)

OTHER RELIGIOUS SERVICES

184

(1)

AN ORIGIN FOR THE SPIRITUAL

184

(6)

CHARACTER OF THE FOLK MUSIC

190

(15)

Melody and Scales

192

(3)

Rhythmic Features

195

(2)

Musical Texture

197

(2)

Poetic Language and Themes

199

(2)

Performance Practice

201

(3)

Summary

204

(1)

6 The War Years and Emancipation

205

(18)

MUSIC IN THE UNION ARMY

208

(4)

MUSIC IN THE CONFEDERATE ARMY

212

(1)

MUSIC IN THE CONTRABAND CAMP

212

(2)

EMANCIPATION

214

(9)

PART THREE BLOW YE THE TRUMPET 1865-1919

223

(142)

7 After the War

223

(42)

SONGS OF THE PEOPLE

224

(3)

DISSEMINATION OF THE SPIRITUALS

227

(4)

The Fisk Jubilee Singers and Other Student Groups

227

(4)

Professional Jubilee Singers

231

(1)

BLACK ETHIOPIAN MINSTRELSY

231

(13)

Minstrel Troupes

231

(2)

Minstrel Traditions

233

(4)

Minstrel Stars

237

(7)

THE CONCERT STAGE

244

(9)

Prima Donnas

244

(4)

Male Vocalists and Ensembles

248

(1)

Concert Instrumental Artists

249

(3)

Concert Musicians Abroad

252

(1)

TRAVELING ROAD SHOWS

253

(3)

FESTIVALS AND EXTRAVAGANZAS

256

(1)

BRASS BANDS AND DANCE ORCHESTRAS

257

(2)

U.S. Army Bands

258

(1)

Society Dance Orchestras

258

(1)

OTHER MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS

259

(1)

ITINERANT AND COMMUNITY MUSICIANS

259

(2)

COMPOSERS AND WRITERS

261

(1)

MUSIC OF THE BLACK CHURCH, III

262

(3)

Hymn Writers and Collectors

263

(2)

8 The New Century

265

(48)

THE GENERAL STATE OF MUSIC

266

(1)

MUSIC NATIONALISM

267

(15)

Nationalistic Music of Black Composers

268

(14)

IN THE CONCERT WORLD

282

(5)

Concert Singers

282

(1)

Concert Violinists and Pianists

283

(3)

Artist Professors

286

(1)

MUSIC EDUCATORS

287

(4)

SYMPHONY ORCHESTRAS, OPERA COMPANIES, AND CHORAL SOCIETIES

291

(5)

Symphony Orchestras

291

(3)

Opera Companies and Choral Societies

294

(2)

THEATERS AND THEATER MUSIC

296

(2)

SHOWS ON THE ROAD

298

(2)

Black Showmen and the Circus

300

(1)

VAUDEVILLE AND MUSICAL COMEDIES

300

(3)

MUSICALS ON AND OFF BROADWAY

303

(2)

The Walker and Williams Company

304

(1)

BLACK ENTERTAINERS ABROAD

305

(1)

MILITARY MUSIC

306

(1)

THE MUSIC BUSINESS

307

(2)

Musicians' Unions

307

(1)

Music Publishing

308

(1)

EARLY RECORDINGS OF BLACK MUSICIANS

309

(2)

PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

311

(1)

ASCAP

311

(2)

The National Association of Negro Musicians

311

(2)

9 Precursors of Jazz

313

(52)

THE GENERAL STATE OF MUSIC

313

(1)

THE EMERGENCE OF RAGTIME

314

(18)

Ragtime Songs

317

(2)

Instrumental Rags

319

(3)

Composers of Piano Rags

322

(6)

Rag Performers

328

(3)

Ragtime Elements in the Music of White Composers

331

(1)

THE BLUES

332

(8)

Blues and Spirituals

333

(1)

Characteristics of the Blues

333

(5)

Father of the Blues

338

(2)

BRASS BANDS AND STRING BANDS

340

(11)

Brass Bands and Dance Orchestras in New Orleans

342

(3)

Syncopated Orchestras in New York

345

(5)

Syncopated Orchestras in Chicago and Other Cities

350

(1)

WORLD WAR I

351

(6)

Songs of the War

354

(1)

After the War

355

(2)

SUMMARY

357

(8)

PART FOUR Lift Every Voice 1920-1996

365

(246)

10 The Jazz Age

365

(39)

CHARACTERISTICS OF JAZZ

367

(2)

RACE RECORDS

369

(9)

Early Black Recording Companies

370

(1)

Women and Blues

371

(3)

Downhome Blues

374

(4)

JAZZ BAND RECORDING

378

(5)

THE BIG BANDS

383

(2)

THE SWING ERA

385

(4)

KANSAS CITY JAZZ

389

(4)

PRINCIPAL JAZZ INSTRUMENTALISTS

393

(2)

JAZZ SINGERS

395

(1)

JAZZ PIANISTS

395

(5)

JAZZ WOMEN AS BANDLEADERS

400

(1)

JAZZ COMPOSER-ARRANGERS

401

(1)

WHITE MUSICIANS AND JAZZ

401

(2)

THE END OF AN ERA

403

(1)

11 The Harlem Renaissance and Beyond

404

(62)

THE GENERAL STATE OF MUSIC IN THE NATION

406

(2)

IN THE CONCERT WORLD

408

(10)

Concert/Opera Singers

414

(3)

Concert Artists in Mid-Career

417

(1)

MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS

418

(6)

Professional Choruses

420

(4)

COMPOSERS AND COMPOSER/EDUCATORS

424

(11)

Dean of Afro-American Composers

431

(4)

BLACK MUSICALS ON BROADWAY

435

(7)

HARLEM AND THE NEW NEGRO

442

(1)

THE FEDERAL ARTS PROJECTS

443

(1)

THE MEDIA: FILMS AND RADIO

444

(1)

CONCERTS, FESTIVALS, AND OPERAS

445

(6)

WRITINGS ABOUT MUSIC

451

(1)

THE EMERGENCE OF GOSPEL

452

(14)

White Gospel Hymnody

452

(1)

Music in the Black Folk Church

453

(1)

Lining-Out and Dr. Watts

454

(1)

Shape-Note Singing and The Sacred Harp

455

(1)

Black Church Songs

456

(4)

Father of Gospel Music

460

(1)

Other Gospel Composers

461

(1)

Gospel Traditions

462

(4)

12 The Mid-Century Decades

466

(57)

WORLD WAR II

467

(4)

The Great Lakes Experience

468

(2)

The USO Camp Shows

470

(1)

Regimental Bands and Choruses

470

(1)

THE BLACK REVOLUTION

471

(3)

EDUCATING THE BLACK COMMUNITY

474

(1)

THE GOSPEL SOUND

475

(12)

Gospel Composers/Performers

478

(5)

Gospel Quartets

483

(1)

Milestones in Gospel History

484

(3)

NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN JAZZ

487

(18)

Bebop

487

(7)

Free Jazz

494

(3)

Innovations of the Seventies

497

(3)

Jazz at the Keyboard

500

(2)

Jazz Singers

502

(2)

Jazz Festivals

504

(1)

Jazz in the Church

504

(1)

THE URBAN BLUES

505

(5)

The Mississippi Delta Blues

506

(1)

Chicago Blues

507

(1)

Blues Styles in Other Places

508

(1)

Blues in Europe and Festivals

508

(1)

Blues Repertories

509

(1)

Library of Congress Recordings

509

(1)

POPULAR MUSIC

510

(13)

Pop Soloists

511

(2)

Pop Quartets

513

(1)

Rhythm 'n' Blues

513

(4)

Soul Music

517

(1)

Rock 'n' Roll

518

(4)

New Dance Music

522

(1)

13 Singers, Instrumentalists, and Composers

523

(44)

Singers at Mid-Century

523

(1)

Pianists and Other Instrumentalists

524

(1)

Symphony Orchestra Players and Conductors

525

(4)

THE WORLD OF OPERA

529

(11)

The Concert/Opera Singers

534

(2)

New Opera Companies

536

(1)

A New Old Opera

537

(3)

COMPOSERS

540

(21)

Composers After the War

543

(12)

The Society of Black Composers

555

(5)

Composers and Synthesizers

560

(1)

BLACK MUSICALS ON BROADWAY

561

(3)

OTHER FORMS OF THEATER MUSIC

564

(1)

Music for the Dance

565

(2)

14 Currents in Contemporary Arenas

567

(44)

JAZZ IMPROVISERS AND COMPOSERS

568

(1)

A NEW GENERATION

569

(1)

BLAKEY'S KIDS

570

(2)

ASPECTS OF THE NEW MUSIC

572

(1)

THE YOUNG LIONS

573

(1)

THE PROFESSORS

574

(2)

"CLASSICAL" COMPOSERS AND IMPROVISERS

576

(2)

CONCERT ARTISTS

578

(1)

COMMUNITY-BASED MUSIC GROUPS

579

(3)

Academic-Based Groups

580

(1)

Professional Groups

581

(1)

OPERA: OLD AND NEW

582

(2)

OPERA COMPANIES

584

(1)

BLACK SINGERS ON STAGE

584

(2)

SYMPHONY ORCHESTRAS: THE CONDUCTORS

586

(1)

SYMPHONY INSTRUMENTALISTS

587

(1)

SYMPHONY OF THE NEW WORLD

588

(1)

FESTIVALS

589

(5)

FESTAC in Nigeria

589

(1)

Celebration at Lincoln Center

589

(1)

A Symposium in Michigan

590

(1)

The Atlanta Festivals

591

(1)

Summer Festivals

592

(1)

The Cincinnati Festival

592

(1)

Carnegie Hall Concerts

592

(2)

CABARET DIVAS

594

(2)

RESOURCES OF THE PAST

596

(7)

Ragtime

596

(1)

Blues Revivals

596

(1)

Popular Music

597

(1)

The New Pop Music: Rap

598

(5)

WOMEN IN BLACK CHURCH MUSIC

603

(1)

GOSPEL SINCE THE 1980s

604

(4)

Hymnals and Performance Practice

604

(2)

Contemporary Gospel

606

(2)

A GOSPEL GREEK MYTH

608

(1)

CODA

609

(2)

Bibliography And Discography

611

(104)

GENERAL REFERENCES

613

(4)

THE AFRICAN LEGACY

617

(1)

EIGHTEENTH AND EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURIES

618

(2)

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

620

(6)

NINETEENTH-CENTURY COLLECTIONS: MUSIC SCORES

626

(1)

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

626

(7)

TWENTIETH-CENTURY COLLECTIONS: MUSIC SCORES

633

(1)

PERIODICALS

634

(1)

BIOGRAPHIES

634

(11)

SOUND RECORDINGS

645

(2)

INDEX

647

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Music of Black Americans : A History

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Table of Contents

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