Muslims as Actors

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ISBN: 9783110191424 | 3110191423
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/15/2007

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This book challenges the view of Islamic Studies as a branch of 'Orientalism'. The West now sees Islam largely as a political problem, and research on its religious aspects is urgently needed. The book traces the relevance of the academic study of religion for Islamic Studies, contributions of prominent scholars, and studies on issues of contemporary Islam. The author advocates focusing research on Muslim interpretations of Islam which redefine Islamic values and meanings in present-day contexts, and argues for Muslims being recognized as actors in the articulation of their Islam.

Preface	p. V
Introduction	p. 1
Some Biographical Notes	p. 1
The Present Book	p. 17
Some Perspectives	p. 20
Selected Literature	p. 21
Two Questions
Can the Science of Religion Render Service to the Study of Islam?	p. 25
Islamic Studies in Context	p. 25
Studying Islam as a Religion	p. 27
The Science of Religion Contributing to the Study of Islam	p. 29
The Term "Islam"	p. 29
Objective and Subjective Meanings	p. 30
Statements on Islam Studied as Interpretations of Islam	p. 31
Ways of Interpreting and Constructing Islam	p. 32
Islam Viewed as the Order of Creation	p. 33
Islam Studied as an Interpretative System that is itself Continuously Interpreted	p. 34
Studying Constructions of Islam	p. 34
Variety of Constructions	p. 35
Claims of Universality	p. 35
Cultural Heyday of Islam	p. 36
Islam under Construction	p. 36
Selected Literature: The Study of Religions	p. 37
Can We Study Islam as a Signification System?	p. 40
Introduction	p. 40
The Concept of a Signification System	p. 41
Subjective Meanings	p. 42
Interest in Meanings	p. 45
Islam Studied as a Signification System	p. 46
The Proposed Approach Summarized	p. 48
Selected Literature: Islamic Studies	p. 50
Issues in Islamic Studies
Islamic Studies and the Study of Religions and Cultures	p. 55
Introduction	p. 55
Islamic Studies and the Historical Study of Religions	p. 58
Islamic Studies and the Comparative Study of Religious Data	p. 62
Islamic Studies and Discussions on Method and Theory in the Study of Religions	p. 66
Studying Religious Aspects of Islam	p. 70
Some Basic Distinctions	p. 72
The Study of "Religion" in Islamic Studies	p. 74
The Role of Religion in Muslim Societies	p. 79
The Role of Religion in Inspiring Muslim Spirituality	p. 80
Conclusion	p. 81
Selected Literature	p. 82
Some Social Scientific Orientations in Islamic Studies	p. 86
Introduction	p. 86
The Humanities	p. 88
The Social Sciences	p. 90
Social Scientific Research on Muslim Societies since World War II	p. 92
Anthropology	p. 93
Sociology	p. 95
Political Science	p. 97
A Plea for Impartial Research on Religion and Politics	p. 97
Contributions of the Social Sciences to Islamic Studies	p. 99
Theoretical Contributions	p. 99
Empirical Contributions	p. 101
Representing Islam as a Religion	p. 103
Conclusion	p. 104
Selected Literature	p. 106
Islamic Studies and Intercultural Relations	p. 108
Introduction	p. 108
Some Contexts of Islamic Studies Before 1950	p. 109
Rapid Survey of Historical Contexts	p. 110
Politics	p. 112
Religion	p. 113
Education	p. 115
Islamic Studies in Context	p. 116
Islamic Studies	p. 116
Modern Trends in Islam	p. 117
Muslim Apologetics and Criticism of Islamic Studies	p. 119
Muslims in the West	p. 122
Islam in the West	p. 122
Muslims in Colonial Societies	p. 123
Muslims in Western Societies	p. 124
Differentiation in Islamic Studies	p. 125
Academic Islamic Studies	p. 125
Muslim "Study of Islam"	p. 128
Conclusion	p. 131
Personal Reflections on an Anti-Cultural World	p. 134
Selected Literature	p. 136
Intercultural Relations and Islam	p. 136
Muslim Discovery of Europe	p. 137
Muslims in Europe and North America	p. 137
The Muslim World and the Western World	p. 139
Presuppositions and Assumptions in Islamic Studies	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
Presuppositions and Assumptions	p. 141
Presuppositions	p. 143
Assumptions	p. 145
Islamic Studies	p. 147
Presuppositions and Assumptions in Islamic Studies	p. 148
Selected Literature	p. 151
General Approaches and Methods	p. 151
Interpretative Approaches	p. 153
The Practice of Islamic Studies in History
Massignon as a Student of Islam (1883-1962)	p. 157
Louis Massignon. Life and Work	p. 158
Spirituality	p. 159
Research	p. 159
Politics	p. 161
Legacy	p. 163
Research on Islam as a Religion	p. 163
Al-Hallaj	p. 164
Islam	p. 165
Dedication	p. 166
Impact on Islamic Studies	p. 168
Immediate Influences	p. 168
Impact on Islamic Studies	p. 171
Three Groups of Followers	p. 171
Catholic Orientalists	p. 171
Muslim Intellectuals	p. 174
Arab Christians	p. 175
A Scholar's Mind	p. 176
Conclusion	p. 179
Selected Literature	p. 182
Bio-bibliography	p. 182
Scholarly Publications	p. 183
More Personal Writings	p. 185
Main Publications about Louis Massignon	p. 185
Some Developments and Trends in Islamic Studies Since 1950	p. 189
Looking Back on Islamic Studies	p. 189
The Study of Early Islamic History	p. 193
Studying Muhammad in his Society	p. 193
The Qur'an Studied as Text	p. 194
Hadith Studies	p. 197
The Medinan Period	p. 198
Islamic Thought and Spirituality	p. 198
Historical Encounters between Islam and Other Civilizations and Religions	p. 200
Observing Islamic Studies	p. 202
Studying Muslim Societies	p. 202
Scholarly Procedures	p. 204
Islamic Studies: Changes	p. 206
Changes in Perspective and New Orientations of Study	p. 206
Looking Forward in Islamic Studies	p. 208
Scholars of Islamic Studies	p. 210
Contexts of Islamic Studies	p. 211
Selected Literature: Some Subjects of Research Since 1950	p. 213
History of Islamic Studies as a Field	p. 213
Early Islamic History	p. 214
The Rise of Islam	p. 214
Muhammad	p. 215
Qur'anic Studies	p. 215
Hadith Studies	p. 216
Early History and Historiography	p. 216
Islamic Thought and Spirituality	p. 217
Medieval and Later	p. 217
Contemporary	p. 218
Encounters with Other Civilizations	p. 218
Encounters with the West and Christianity	p. 218
Encounters with Other Cultures and Religions than the Western Ones	p. 219
Recent Scholarly Presentations of Islam	p. 221
Introduction	p. 221
Wilfred Cantwell Smith: Conceptualization in Islam and in Islamic Studies	p. 223
Gustave E. von Grunebaum: Islam as Medieval Culture	p. 229
Annemarie Schimmel: Islam as Deciphering the Signs	p. 231
Seyyed Hossein Nasr: Islam as "Traditional" Islam	p. 235
Mohammed Arkoun: Rethinking Islam	p. 243
Conclusion	p. 249
Selected Literature: Bibliography, Books on Islam, Articles, Discussion and Research	p. 251
Arkoun, Mohammed	p. 251
Grunebaum, Gustave E. von	p. 253
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein	p. 256
Schimmel, Annemarie	p. 257
Smith, Wilfred Cantwell	p. 259
Islamic and Religious Studies under the Conditions of the Cold War	p. 262
Conflicts and Ideological Distortions	p. 262
Two Opposing Views of Islam	p. 263
The USSR	p. 264
The West	p. 266
Islamic Studies	p. 267
Some Corrections Imposed on Distorted Views of Islam	p. 268
A Visit to the USSR	p. 271
The Study of Religions in East and West	p. 275
Conclusion	p. 279
Selected Literature	p. 280
Studying Religions
Religions as a Subject of Empirical Research	p. 285
Issues of Research at the Beginning	p. 285
The Attraction of a Science of Religion	p. 287
Some Western Views and Constructs of the Study of Religion	p. 288
Empirical Research into Religion	p. 289
Schemes of Interpretation of Religion	p. 290
Religion as an (Un)known Subject of Study	p. 291
Development of Theoretical Thinking	p. 292
Explanatory Theory	p. 293
Hermeneutic Orientations	p. 294
Conclusion	p. 295
Selected Literature	p. 297
History of the Field	p. 297
Some Questions of Method and Theory	p. 300
Classical Phenomenology of Religion in the Netherlands 1920-1950	p. 302
The Problem	p. 303
Image Formation of Religions Before the Phenomenological Movement	p. 305
Image Formation in Classical Phenomenology of Religion	p. 307
Image Formation of Particular Religions Among Dutch Phenomenologists	p. 309
The Presentation of Religion in Dutch Classical Phenomenology of Religion	p. 312
Classical Phenomenology of Religion and the Emancipation of 'Religionswissenschaft'	p. 314
Classical Phenomenology of Religion: Aims and Results	p. 316
The Context of the Phenomenology of Religion in the Netherlands 1918-1939	p. 321
G. van der Leeuw's Conceptualization of Religion	p. 323
Conclusion	p. 324
Selected Literature	p. 325
Eliade as a Student of Religion (1907-1986)	p. 331
Mircea Eliade. Life and Work	p. 331
Biographical data	p. 331
Eliade Studying Religion	p. 335
The Study of Religions. Construct and Reality	p. 338
The Study of Religions up to Eliade	p. 339
Some Critical Remarks on Eliade's Approach	p. 341
Conceptualizing Religion after Eliade	p. 342
Eliade's Time and Ours	p. 345
Selected Literature	p. 349
Bio-bibliography	p. 349
Main Publications in English, with Years of their First Appearance	p. 350
Some Monographs about Eliade	p. 352
Some Collective Works about Eliade	p. 353
Some Articles about Eliade	p. 354
Some Contexts of Eliade's Work	p. 355
Muslims and Their Islam
Believers in Focus. Exploring Muslim Life	p. 359
Believers as Potential Actors	p. 359
A Philosophical Intermezzo. Meaning and Significance	p. 362
Significance and Subjective Meanings	p. 365
Research on Subjective Meanings	p. 368
Toward Understanding Subjective Meanings. Intentions	p. 370
Conclusion	p. 372
Selected Literature	p. 373
Muslim Life	p. 373
Islam in Literature	p. 374
Ethics, Justice, and Human Rights in Islam	p. 374
Encounters Between Believers	p. 375
Believers' Identities	p. 376
Religion in the World	p. 376
Islamic Reform and Renewal. Recourse to Scripture	p. 377
Introduction	p. 377
Kinds of Reform and Forces Opposing It	p. 378
The Term "Reform": Three Meanings	p. 378
Three Kinds of Movements of Reform	p. 379
Religions Developed from Reform Movements	p. 381
Social Reforms and Religion	p. 383
Forces Opposing Reform	p. 384
Islamic Reform and the Shari`a	p. 386
Studying Reformers and Reform	p. 388
Reflecting on the Notion of Reform	p. 390
A Note on Reading Scriptures	p. 392
Religious Readings	p. 392
Literary and Historical Interpretations	p. 393
Common Structures of the Scriptural Religions	p. 395
Common Structures Around the Scriptures	p. 396
Reform Movements and their Reading of Scripture	p. 397
Selected Literature	p. 398
Initiatives to Reform and Renewal in Islam Before 1970	p. 398
Present-Day Thinking on Renewal of Islam	p. 399
Reinterpretations of Islam in Terms of Reform	p. 401
Islamic Resurgence and Politics	p. 402
Islam in/and the West	p. 403
Worldwide Islam	p. 404
Ideas and Developments in Contemporary Islam	p. 405
Situation and Future of Women	p. 406
Situation and Role of Religious Authorities	p. 407
Some Subjects of Current debate	p. 407
A Note on Reading Scriptures	p. 408
Scripture in general	p. 408
Scriptures in Judaism, Christianity and Islam	p. 408
Scripture in Islam	p. 409
New Kinds of Muslim Qur'an Exegesis, Reading, and Interpretation	p. 409
Some Studies about New Kinds of Muslim Qur'an Interpretation	p. 410
Further Reading (Bibliography)
Middle Eastern Responses to Islamic Studies. The Orientalism Debate	p. 413
Religion(s) and the Study of Religion(s)	p. 421
The Concept of Religion	p. 421
Discussions around a Science of Religion. Method and Explanatory Theory	p. 422
Anthropology of Religion	p. 431
Comparative-Historical Research	p. 433
Sociology and Psychology of Religion	p. 436
Interpretative Studies of Religion	p. 436
The Phenomenology Debate	p. 436
Scholarly Hermeneutic Orientations	p. 441
Some Comprehensive Reflections	p. 446
Gender and the Study of Religion	p. 447
Gender and Religion in General	p. 447
Gender and Islam	p. 449
The Study of Religion(s) in Various Countries	p. 451
Islamic Studies in Various Countries	p. 456
Indexes
Index of Persons	p. 460
Index of Subjects	p. 463
Index of Concepts (Problem-Oriented)	p. 468
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