Muslims In Australia

Kabir seeks to understand the basis of mainstream Australians'fear of Muslims by tracing their history since the Afghan settlement in 1860. The author investigates how events such as September 11 and Bali terrorist attacks reinforce suspicion and fear. This book gives an insight into what it means to be a Muslim in contemporary Australia, and how and why the actions of militant Islamic groups have impacted upon Muslims in general in Western society.

Nahid Afrose Kabir is an Honorary Research Fellow in the School of Social and Cultural Studies at the University of Western Australia.

List of Tables

List of Figures

List of Abbreviations

Introduction

1

(40)

Defining Muslims

An Overview of Muslim Settlement in Australia

Definition of Frequently Used Terms

Specific Group Studies

Literature on Muslims

General Literature

Race Theories

Cultural Fundamentalism

Theories of Nationalism

Methodology

Archival Research

Qualitative Research: Interviews and Structured Questionnaires

Quantitative Research: Australian Bureau of Statistics

Census Data

Library and Other Research

The First Muslims in Australia

41

(54)

The Afghan Community

Introduction

The Impact of Race Theories on the Afghans

Economic Issues which Affected Afghans, 1890-1900

Introduction of Legislation, 1895-1901

Economic Issues which Affected Afghans, 1901-1925

Social Issues, 1890-1930

Denial of Naturalisation

Discrimination in the Armed Forces

Afghans and the Law

Comparison with Javanese Settlement in Mackay, 1880-1999

Comparison with Irish Catholic Discrimination, 1788-1901

Muslims During Wartime: 1914-1918 and 1939-1945

95

(50)

The Question of National Security

Impact of World War I on Australian Muslims, 1914-1920

A Comparative Study with Other Enemy Subjects

Impact of World War II on Australian Muslims 1939-1945

An Assessment with Other Enemy Aliens

From the End of World War II to the Gulf War

145

(62)

Changes in Immigration Policies, 1945-1973

The Influx of Muslims, 1940s-1990s

Prejudice Against the Muslims: An Explanation

Economic Disadvantage

Social disadvantage

Muslim Conflict with City Councils: Case Studies

New South Wales

Alawy Muslim Society, 1982-1987

The Suburban Islamic Centre, 1981-1991

Victoria: Turkish Islamic Society, 1982-1990

North Queensland: Mackay Islamic Centre, 1980

Muslim Compared with Buddhist in Australia, 1970-1990

The 1990-1991 Gulf Crisis: Impact on Muslims in Australia

207

(48)

Australia's Involvement in the Gulf War

Racial Vilification: August 1990-February 1991

New South Wales

Victoria

Queensland

Australian Capital Territory

Western Australia

Media Reporting and Muslim Criticism

Was Australian Anger Valid?

Were Muslim Allegations Against the Media Justified?

Australian Government Intervention in the Crisis

Intensity of the Backlash: An Overview

Muslim Stereotyping, 1991-2002

255

(72)

Western Perceptions of Islam in the 1990s

Radical Muslim Groups and International Terrorism

Australian Muslims' Most Recent Economic Disadvantages

Sefton Mosque, NSW: A Case-Study, 1995-2000

Political Issues, Crime, Refugees and the 11 Sept. and Bali Backlash

The Lakemba Police Station Shooting Case, 1998

Gang Rape Crisis, 2001

Gang Rape, 2002

The Tampa Refugee Crisis, 2001

11 September 2001 Backlash

12 October 2002 Bali Backlash

Islam as it Stands in 2002: An Evaluation

Conclusion

327

(2)

Bibliography

329

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Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials