Nanodevices for the Life Sciences

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ISBN: 9783527313846 | 3527313842
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/22/2006

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This is the first book to look at both nanodevices assembled from biomaterials as well as nanodevices of non-biological origin, providing systematic coverage of how both kinds can be used in the context of nanoscale life science research and development.

Preface

XIII

List of Contributors

XVII

1 The Physics and Modeling of Biofunctionalized Nanoelectromechanical Systems

(28)

Mark R. Paul and Jerry E. Solomon

1.1 Introduction

(3)

1.2 The Stochastic Dynamics of Micro- and Nanoscale Oscillators in Fluid

(15)

1.2.1 Fluid Dynamics at Small Scales

(4)

1.2.2 An Exact Approach to Determine the Stochastic Dynamics of Arrays of Cantilevers of Arbitrary Geometry in Fluid

(3)

1.2.3 An Approximate Model for Long and Slender Cantilevers in Fluid

(5)

1.2.4 The Stochastic Dynamics of a Fluid-coupled Array of (BIO)NEMS Cantilevers

(3)

1.3 The Physics Describing the Kinetics of Target Analyte Capture on the Oscillator

(5)

1.4 Detecting Noise in Noise: Signal-processing Challenges

(1)

1.5 Concluding Remarks

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(3)

2 Mathematical and Computational Modeling: Towards the Development and Application of Nanodevices for Drug Delivery

(38)

John P. Sinek, Hermann B. Frieboes, Balakrishnan Sivaraman, Sandeep Sanga, and Vittorio Cristini

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 RES Avoidance

(5)

2.2.1 A Statistical Model of Nanovector Surface Coverage

(4)

2.2.2 Modeling the Forces Mediating Protein Approach and Binding

(1)

2.3 Tumoral Vasculature and Hemodynamics

(12)

2.3.1 An Invasion Percolation Model of Vasculogenesis and Hemodynamics

(3)

2.3.2 Flow Simulations Using Anderson and Chaplain's Model

(5)

2.3.3 Particle Dynamics within the Tumoral Vasculature

(2)

2.4 Receptor–Ligand-mediated Binding

(7)

2.4.1 Bell's Deterministic Model

(3)

2.4.2 A Stochastic Model

(2)

2.5 Intratumoral and Cellular Drug Kinetics and Pharmacodynamics

(7)

2.5.1 A Two-Dimensional Model of Chemotherapy

(2)

2.5.2 Refinements of the Model

(4)

2.6 Conclusion

(1)

References

(5)

3 Nanolithography: Towards Fabrication of Nanodevices for Life Sciences

(42)

Johnpeter Ndiangui Ngunjiri, Jie-Ren Li, and Jayne Carol Garno

3.1 Introduction: Engineering Surfaces at the Nanoscale

(2)

3.2 Immobilization of Biomolecules for Surface Assays

(7)

3.2.1 Strategies for Linking Proteins to Surfaces

(1)

3.2.1.1 Electrostatic Immobilization

(1)

3.2.1.2 Covalent Immobilization

(1)

3.2.1.3 Molecular Recognition and Specific Interactions

(1)

3.2.1.4 Nonspecific Physical Adsorption to Surfaces

(3)

3.2.2 SAM Chemistry

(2)

3.3 Methods for Nanolithography with Proteins

(18)

3.3.1 Bias-induced Nanolithography of SAMs

(4)

3.3.2 Force-induced Nanolithography of SAMs

(5)

3.3.3 DPN of SAMs and Proteins

(4)

3.3.4 Latex Particle Lithography with Proteins

(3)

3.4 Detection of Protein Binding a the Nanoscale

(2)

3.5 Future Directions

(5)

3.5.1 Advantages of Nanoscale Detection

(1)

3.5.2 Development of Cantilever Arrays

(4)

3.5.3 Concluding Remarks

101

(1)

References

101

(8)

4 Microcantilever-based Nanodevices in the Life Sciences

109

(41)

Horatio D. Espinosa, Keun-Ho Kim, and Nicolaie Moldovan

4.1 Introduction

109

(2)

4.2 Microcantilevers

111

(15)

4.2.1 Microfabrication of Miniaturized Probes

112

(4)

4.2.2 Cantilever Probes for Nanopatterning

116

(5)

4.2.3 Elastomeric AFM Probes

121

(1)

4.2.4 Monolithically Fabricated Conductive Diamond Probes

122

(4)

4.3 Cantilevers with Integrated Micro- and Nanofluidics

126

(15)

4.3.1 Apertured Pyramidal Tips

126

(2)

4.3.2 Open-channel Cantilevered Microspotters

128

(5)

4.3.3 Closed-channel Cantilevered Nanopipettes

133

(3)

4.3.4 Micromachined Hypodermic Needle Arrays

136

(1)

4.3.5 NFPs

137

(4)

4.4 Applications

141

(2)

4.4.1 Patterning of DNA

141

(1)

4.4.2 Patterning of Proteins

142

(1)

4.4.3 Patterning of Viruses

143

(1)

4.5 Conclusions and Outlook

143

(1)

References

144

(6)

5 Nanobioelectronics

150

(39)

Ross Rinaldi and Giuseppe Maruccio

5.1 Introduction

150

(1)

5.2 Bio-self-assembly and Motivation

150

(3)

5.3 Fundamentals of the Bio-building Blocks

153

(2)

5.3.1 DNA

153

(1)

5.3.2 Proteins

154

(1)

5.4 Interconnection, Self-assembly and Device Implementation

155

(5)

5.4.1 Interconnecting Molecules

157

(1)

5.4.2 Delivering Molecules

158

(2)

5.5 Devices Based on DNA and DNA Bases

160

(17)

5.5.1 Charge Transfer in DNA

161

(3)

5.5.2 DNA Conductivity

164

(1)

5.5.2.1 Near-ohmic Behavior (Activated Hopping Conductor)

164

(1)

5.5.2.2 Semiconducting (Bandgap) Behavior

168

(1)

5.5.2.3 Insulating Behavior

169

(1)

5.5.2.4 Discussion of DNA Conductivity

170

(1)

5.5.2.5 Other Applications of DNA in Molecular Electronics

173

(4)

5.6 Devices Based on Proteins

177

(6)

5.7 Conclusions

183

(1)

Acknowledgments

183

(1)

References

184

(5)

6 DNA Nanodevices: Prototypes and Applications

189

(28)

Friedrich C. Simmel

6.1 Introduction

189

(1)

6.2 DNA as a Material for Nanotechnology

189

(4)

6.2.1 Nanoscale Science

189

(1)

6.2.2 Biophysical and Biochemical Properties of Nucleic Acids

190

(3)

6.2.3 DNA Nanoconstruction

193

(1)

6.3 Simple DNA Devices

193

(5)

6.3.1 Conformational Changes Induced by Small Molecules and Ions

193

(3)

6.3.2 Hybridization-driven Devices

196

(2)

6.4 Towards Functional Devices

198

(11)

6.4.1 Walk and Roll

199

(3)

6.4.2 Interaction with Proteins

202

(4)

6.4.3 Information Processing

206

(1)

6.4.4 Switchable Networks and Hybrid Materials

207

(2)

6.5 Autonomous Behavior

209

(3)

6.5.1 Driving Devices with Chemical Reactions

209

(1)

6.5.2 Genetic Control

210

(2)

6.6 Conclusion

212

(1)

Acknowledgments

213

(1)

References

213

(4)

7 Towards the Realization of Nanobiosensors Based on G-protein-coupled Receptors

217

(24)

Cecilia Pennetta, Vladimir Akimov, Eleonora Alfinito, Lino Reggiani, Tatiana Gorojankina, Jasmina Minic, Edith Pajot-Augy, Marie-Annick Persuy, Roland Salesse, Ignacio Casuso, Abdelhamid Errachid, Gabriel Gomila, Oscar Ruiz, Josep Samitier, Yanxia Hou, Nicole Jaffrezic, Giorgio Ferrari, Laura Fumagalli, and Marco Sampietro

7.1 Introduction

217

(3)

7.2 Preparation and Immobilization of GPCRs on Functionalized Surfaces

220

(1)

7.3 Signal Techniques

221

(1)

7.4 Theoretical Approach

222

(2)

7.5 The Impedance Network Model

224

(7)

7.6 Equilibrium Fluctuations

231

(4)

7.7 Conclusions

235

(1)

Acknowledgments

236

(1)

References

236

(5)

8 Protein-based Nanotechnology: Kinesin–Microtubule-driven Systems for Bioanalytical Applications

241

(31)

William O. Hancock

8.1 Introduction

241

(1)

8.2 Kinesin and Microtubule Cell Biology and Biophysics

242

(3)

8.2.1 Kinesin Motility Assays

244

(1)

8.3 Theoretical Transport Issues for Device Integration

245

(4)

8.3.1 Diffusion versus Transport Times

247

(2)

8.4 Interaction of Motor Proteins and Filaments with Synthetic Surfaces

249

(3)

8.4.1 Motor Adsorption

249

(2)

8.4.2 Microtubule Immobilization

251

(1)

8.5 Controlling the Direction and Distance of Microscale Transport

252

(7)

8.5.1 Directing Kinesin-driven Microtubules

252

(3)

8.5.2 Movement in Enclosed Microchannels

255

(2)

8.5.3 Immobilized Microtubule Arrays

257

(2)

8.6 Cargo Attachment

259

(3)

8.6.1 Maximum Cargo Size

261

(1)

8.7 System Design Consideration

262

(3)

8.7.1 Protein Stability and Lifetime

262

(2)

8.7.2 Sample Introduction and Detection

264

(1)

8.7.3 Analyte Detection and Collection

265

(1)

8.8 Conclusion

265

(1)

Acknowledgments

266

(1)

References

266

(6)

9 Self-assembly and Bio-directed Approaches for Carbon Nanotubes: Towards Device Fabrication

272

(45)

Arianna Filoramo

9.1 Introduction

272

(2)

9.2 CNTs: Basic Features, Synthesis and Device Applications

274

(4)

9.2.1 Basic Features

274

(2)

9.2.2 Synthesis of Nanotubes

276

(1)

9.2.3 Device Applications

277

(1)

9.3 Fabrication of CNT Transistors and Self-assembly Approaches

278

(2)

9.4 In situ CVD Growth

280

(1)

9.5 Selective Deposition of CNTs by SAM-assisted Techniques

281

(10)

9.5.1 Methodology and Key Parameters

282

(6)

9.5.2 Performance of CNTFETs Fabricated by the SAM Method

288

(3)

9.6 DNA-directed Self-assembly

291

(13)

9.6.1 The Assembly of the Scaffold

292

(2)

9.6.2 Selective Attachment of the DNA Scaffold on the Surface Microscale Electrodes

294

(1)

9.6.3 Positioning of Nano-objects or Nanodevices on the Scaffold

295

(3)

9.6.4 Realization of Electrical Connections and Circuitry

298

(5)

9.6.5 Fabrication of DNA-directed CNT Devices

303

(1)

9.7 Conclusion

304

(1)

References

305

(12)

10 Nanodevices for Biosensing: Design, Fabrication and Applications

317

(31)

Laura M. Lechuga, Kirill Zinoviev, Laura C. Carrascosa, and Miguel Moreno

10.1 Introduction

317

(1)

10.2 From Biosensor to Nanobiosensor Devices

318

(3)

10.2.1 Overview

318

(2)

10.2.2 Biological Functionalization of Nanobiosensors

320

(1)

10.3 Nanophotonic Biosensors

321

(9)

10.3.1 Overview

321

(1)

10.3.2 Integrated Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) Nanodevice

322

(1)

10.3.2.1 Design and Fabrication

323

(1)

10.3.2.2 Characterization and Applications

325

(4)

10.3.3 Integration in Microsystems

329

(1)

10.4 Nanomechanical Biosensors

330

(14)

10.4.1 Overview

330

(1)

10.4.2 Working Principle

330

(2)

10.4.3 Detection Systems

332

(1)

10.4.4 Design of a Standard Microcantilever Sensor

333

(1)

10.4.4.1 Fabrication of a Standard Microcantilever Sensor

334

(1)

10.4.4.2 Optical Waveguide Microcantilever: Design and Fabrication

337

(1)

10.4.4.2.1 Principle of Operation and Theoretical Analysis

338

(1)

10.4.4.2.2 Fabrication and Characterization

339

(3)

10.4.5 Biosensing Applications of Nanomechanical Sensors

342

(2)

10.5 Conclusions and Future Goals

344

(1)

Acknowledgments

344

(1)

References

344

(4)

11 Fullerene-based Devices for Biological Applications

348

(38)

Ginka H. Sarova, Tatiana Da Ros, and Dirk M. Guldi

11.1 Introduction

348

(1)

11.2 Solubility

348

(2)

11.3 Toxicity

350

(1)

11.4 DNA Photocleavage

351

(25)

11.4.1 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)

353

(5)

11.4.2 Fullerene-mediated Electron Transfer Across Membranes

358

(4)

11.4.3 Neuroprotective Activity via Radical Scavenging

362

(5)

11.4.4 Enzyme Inhibition and Antiviral Activity

367

(2)

11.4.5 Antibacterial Activity

369

(2)

11.4.6 Fullerenes as Nanodevices in Monoclonal Immunology

371

(2)

11.4.7 Fullerenes as Radiotracers

373

(2)

11.4.8 Fullerenes as Vectors

375

(1)

Acknowledgments

376

(1)

References

376

(10)

12 Nanotechnology for Biomedical Devices

386

(50)

Lars Montelius

12.1 Introduction

386

(2)

12.2 Nanotechnologies

388

(9)

12.2.1 Overview of Nanotechnologies and Nanotools

388

(1)

12.2.1.1 NIL

393

(1)

12.2.1.2 Other Lithography Techniques

393

(1)

12.2.1.3 Scanning Probes

395

(2)

12.3 Applications

397

(26)

12.3.1 Introduction

397

(1)

12.3.2 Biomedical Applications based on Nanostructured Passive Surfaces

397

(1)

12.3.2.1 Separation, Concentration and Enriching Structures

398

(1)

12.3.2.2 Molecular Motors Transported in Nanometer Channels

400

(1)

12.3.2.3 Topographical Structures, Cells and Guidance of Neurons

401

(4)

12.3.3 Biomedical Applications utilizing Active Nanostructured Surfaces

405

(4)

12.3.4 Protein Chips

409

(3)

12.3.5 Protein Interactions

412

(3)

12.3.6 Biomedical Applications using Nanowires

415

(1)

12.3.7 Biomedical Applications using Nanoparticles

416

(1)

12.3.8 Biomedical Applications using SPM Technology

416

(1)

12.3.8.1 Imaging of Biomolecules using SPM

418

(1)

12.3.8.2 Force Detection of Single Molecular Events

418

(1)

12.3.8.3 Cantilever-based Detection of Molecular Events

418

(5)

12.4 Discussion and Outlook

423

(1)

Acknowledgments

424

(1)

References

425

(11)

13 Nanodevices in Nature

436

(24)

Alexander G. Volkov and Courtney L. Brown

13.1 Introduction

436

(1)

13.2 Multielectron Processes in Bioelectrochemical Nanoreactors

437

(1)

13.3 Cytochrome Oxidase: A Nanodevice for Respiration

438

(5)

13.3.1 Nanodevice Architectonics

441

(1)

13.3.2 Activation Energy and Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction

442

(1)

13.3.3 Proton Pump

443

(1)

13.4 Photosynthetic Electrochemical Nanoreactors, Nanorectifiers, Nanoswitches and Biologically Closed Electrically Circuits

443

(5)

13.5 Phototropic Nanodevices in Green Plants: Sensing the Direction of Light

448

(3)

13.6 Membrane Transport and Ion Channels

451

(2)

13.7 Molecular Motors

453

(2)

13.8 Nanodevices for Electroreception and Electric Organ Discharges

455

(1)

13.9 Neurons

456

(1)

References

456

(4)

Index

460

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Nanodevices for the Life Sciences

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials